Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, socio-economic profiles and comorbidities in the entire study population and among clusters in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
| Total (N = 4,370) |
Cluster 1 (N = 694) |
Cluster 2 (N = 645) |
Cluster 3 (N = 1,048) |
Cluster 4 (N = 1,106) |
Cluster 5 (N = 877) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 58.6 ± 19.7 | 46.3 ± 12.7 | 25.8 ± 8.2** | 52.7 ± 6.8** | 73.6 ± 7.9** | 78.3 ± 7.0** |
| Male sex | 2,747 (62.9%) | 505 (72.8%) | 323 (50.1%)** | 795 (75.9%) | 665 (60.1%)** | 459 (52.3%)** |
| Female sex | 1,623 (37.1%) | 189 (27.2%) | 322 (49.9%) | 253 (24.1%) | 441 (39.9%) | 418 (47.7%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.3 ± 3.3 | 25.9 ± 2.4 | 20.3 ± 2.2** | 19.6 ± 1.9** | 23.1 ± 1.6** | 17.9 ± 1.9** |
| Socio-economic status | ||||||
| Medicaid | 448 (10.9%) | 63 (9.8%) | 50 (8.4%) | 155 (15.7%)** | 74 (7.1%) | 106 (12.9%) |
| Current smoker | 979 (22.4%) | 208 (30.0%) | 182 (28.2%) | 402 (38.4%)** | 106 (9.6%)** | 81 (9.2%)** |
| Heavy drinker | 299 (7.7%) | 46 (7.4%) | 26 (4.6%) | 153 (16.4%)** | 41 (4.3%)* | 33 (4.2%)* |
| Previous TB history | 748 (17.1%) | 106 (15.2%) | 61 (9.4%)** | 273 (25.9%)** | 154 (14.2%) | 154 (17.5%) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Any | 2,578 (59.0%) | 387 (55.8%) | 97 (15.0%)** | 541 (51.7%) | 871 (78.9%)** | 682 (77.8%)** |
| Diabetes | 905 (20.7%) | 167 (24.1%) | 25 (3.9%)** | 211 (20.1%)* | 313 (28.3%) | 189 (21.6%) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 209 (4.8%) | 20 (2.9%) | 5 (0.8%)** | 41 (3.9%) | 94 (8.5%)** | 49 (5.6%)* |
| Chronic heart disease | 202 (4.6%) | 21 (3.0%) | 1 (0.2%)** | 16 (1.5%)** | 92 (8.3%)** | 72 (8.2%)** |
| Chronic liver disease | 88 (2.0%) | 15 (2.2%) | 6 (0.9%) | 43 (4.1%)* | 17 (1.5%) | 78 (0.8%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 118 (2.7%) | 20 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%)** | 25 (2.4%) | 36 (3.3%) | 37 (4.2%) |
| Neurological disease | 371 (8.5%) | 23 (3.3%) | 8 (1.2%)* | 45 (4.3%) | 133 (12.0%)** | 162 (18.5%)** |
| Malignancy | 431 (9.9%) | 47 (6.8%) | 8 (1.2%)** | 105 (10.0%)* | 148 (13.4%)** | 123 (14.0%)** |
| Autoimmune disease | 49 (1.1%) | 9 (1.3%) | 5 (0.8%) | 13 (1.2%) | 12 (1.1%) | 10 (1.1%) |
| Long-term steroid use | 17 (0.4%) | 5 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.4%) | 5 (0.5%) | 4 (0.3%) |
| TNF-blocker use | 8 (0.2%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Gastrectomy | 47 (1.1%) | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%)** | 6 (0.6%) | 22 (2.0%)* | 16 (1.8%)* |
| Transplant | 19 (0.4%) | 7 (1.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 8 (0.8%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%)* |
TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
*indicate statistical significance of P < 0.05.
**indicate statistical significance of P < 0.01 compared to reference group of cluster 1.