Table 1.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies production and maternal–fetal transfer after COVID-19 vaccination.
| References | Producer | Type of vaccine | N pregnant | N lactating | Antibodies researched | Main findings in serum | Main findings in breast milk | Main findings in umbilical cord |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (48) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 41 | 16 | IgM, IgA, and IgG anti-spike, RBD, S1, and S2 | 1. Increase in all antibodies at the first and second doses 2. Significant increase in IgG at the third dose 3. Dominant IgG antibody response |
1. Increase in all antibodies in the first and second doses and significant increase in IgG in the third dose 2. Increased transfer of IgG1 RBD at the third dose 3. IgG transfer via breast milk |
1. Anti-spike IgG and RBD found in the cord 2. Transfer of IgG via the placenta |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | 43 | 15 | IgM, IgA, and IgG anti-spike, RBD, S1, and S2 | 1. Increase in all antibodies at the first and second doses 2. Significant increase in IgG at the third dose 3. Dominant IgG antibody response 4. More robust anti-spike and anti-RBD IgA response |
1. Increase in all antibodies in the first and second doses and significant increase in IgG in the third dose 2. Increased transfer of IgG1 RBD at the third dose 3. IgG transfer via breast milk |
1. Anti-spike IgG and RBD found in the cord 2. Transfer of IgG via the placenta |
|
| (61) | CoronaVac® | Inactivated Virus Antigen | 1 | 0 | Total Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 | Positive reaction for neutralizing antibodies in NB serum, 24 h after birth | NA | NA |
| (62) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 14 | IgM, IgA, and IgG anti-spike | Maternal IgG and IgM increased after second dose | IgG and IgA present in approximately 40% of samples | NA |
| (53) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 19 | IgA and IgG anti-RBD | 1. High maternal IgG levels after second dose 2. IgG detection in babies whose mother was vaccinated during pregnancy but not after delivery |
1. Higher levels of IgA 2. Increase in IgG after second dose |
NA |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | 0 | 13 | IgA and IgG anti-RBD | 1. High maternal IgG levels after second dose 2. IgG detection in babies whose mother was vaccinated during pregnancy but not after delivery |
1. Higher levels of IgA 2. Increase in IgG after second dose |
NA | |
| (63) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 70 | IgA and IgG anti-RBD | Detection of IgG and IgA in the mother’s serum | Detection of IgG and IgA | NA |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | 0 | 20 | IgA and IgG anti-RBD | Detection of IgG and IgA in the mother’s serum | Detection of IgG and IgA | NA | |
| AstraZeneca | Replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector ChAdOx1-S | 0 | 20 | IgA and IgG anti-RBD | Lower detection of IgG and IgA in maternal serum | Lower detection of IgG and IgA | NA | |
| (64) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 21 | Anti-spike SIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM; spike T cells | Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM | 1. Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM 2. Immune transfer to breast milk occurs through spike SIgA, IgG, and T cells |
NA |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | 0 | 2 | Anti-RBD IgG, IgA, and IgM; spike T cells | Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM. | 1. Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM 2. Immune transfer to breast milk occurs through spike SIgA, IgG, and T cells |
NA | |
| (65) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 84 | Anti-spike IgA and IgG | NA | Detection of IgA and IgG | NA |
| (66) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 33 | Anti-spike IgG | Detection of IgG | Detection of IgG | NA |
| (67) | CoronaVac® | Inactivated Virus Antigen | 0 | 20 | Anti-spike IgA | NA | Detection of IgA | NA |
| (68) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | 0 | 14 | Anti-spike IgA and IgG | Detection of IgA and IgG | Detection of IgA and IgG | |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | 0 | 7 | Anti-spike IgA and IgG | Detection of IgA and IgG | Detection of IgA and IgG | NA | |
| (69) | Pfizer-BioNTech | BNT162b2 mRNA | Not cited | 25 | Anti-spike IgM, IgG and IgA | Detection of IgA and IgG | 1. Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM 2. The SARS-CoV-2 antibodies induced by mRNA vaccines persist for at least 6 months |
NA |
| Moderna-NIH | mRNA-1273 | Not cited | 2 | Anti-spike IgM, IgG and IgA | Detection of IgA and IgG | 1. Detection of IgA, IgG, and IgM 2. The SARS-CoV-2 antibodies induced by mRNA vaccines persist for at least 6 months |
NA |
N, number of individuals; NA, not analyzed; NB, newborn.