Table 2.

Postoperative Pain and Analgesic Outcomes in the Groups (sample = 399, or those with long-term follow-up data).

	Control (n = 173)	STOMP (n = 226)	OR/MD [95% CI], p value
Worst pain intensity (NRS 0–10)
Average postoperatively	4.3 ± 2.1	4.3 ± 2.0	MD 0.04 [−0.37, 0.45],.847
Day 7	7.0 ± 2.3	7.3 ± 2.1
Day 14	4.2 ± 2.6	4.3 ± 2.6
Month 1–3	2.9 ± 2.4	2.7 ± 2.5
PROMIS Pain Interference (0–32)	8.1 ± 7.7	6.2 ± 6.9	MD 1.83 [0.38, 3.27],.013
Days non-opioid used	M 14 IQR 7–30	M 15 IQR 8–30	p = .366 *
Days opioid used	M 4 IQR 3–7	M 4 IQR 2–7	p = .714 *
No use (vs. any use)	20 (11.6%)	22 (9.8%)	1.21 [0.64, 2.29],.563
Minimal use (1–4 days)	106 (61.6%)	140 (62.5%)
Moderate use (5–9 days)	20 (11.6%)	29 (12.9%)	0.97 [0.56, 1.69],.915
Prolonged use (≥ 10 days, vs less)	26 (15.1%)	33 (14.7%)
Postoperative opioid misuse behavior	12 (7.0%)	18 (8.0%)	1.15 [0.54, 2.47],.712
Postoperative opioid misuse intention	38 (22%)	47 (20.8%)	0.93 [0.58, 1.51],.777

Abbreviations: NRS = Numeric rating scale; PROMIS = Patient-reported outcome measures information system; Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; n (%); median (M) with interquartile range (IQR); odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI)

^*compared with Mann-Whitney U test