Table 2.
Sample demographics and parent reports of clinician communication behavior outcomes during pediatric visits for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), by study time period
| Demographics | Baseline | Module 1c | Module 2c | Module 3c | P-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of children/parents | 416 | 131 | 286 | 193 | |
| Child Age | N(%)a | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | |
| 6–12 months | 53 (12.7) | 14 (10.7) | 41 (14.3) | 22 (11.4) | 0.64 |
| 13–23 months | 58 (13.9) | 17 (13.0) | 39 (13.6) | 24 (12.4) | |
| 2–5 years | 172 (41.3) | 58 (44.3) | 135 (47.2) | 93 (48.2) | |
| 6–10 years | 133 (32.0) | 42 (32.1) | 71 (24.8) | 54 (28.0) | |
| Child Sex | |||||
| Male | 211 (50.7) | 74 (56.5) | 139 (48.6) | 82 (42.5) | 0.08 |
| Child Health Status | |||||
| Excellent | 180 (43.3) | 58 (44.3) | 116 (40.6) | 80 (41.5) | 0.24 |
| Very good | 150 (36.1) | 46 (35.1) | 107 (37.4) | 56 (29.0) | |
| Good | 46 (11.1) | 17 (13.0) | 31 (10.8) | 20 (10.4) | |
| Fair/Poor | 7 (1.7) | 3 (2.3) | 8 (2.7) | 8 (4.1) | |
| Missing | 33 (7.9) | 7 (5.3) | 24 (8.4) | 29 (15.0) | |
| Parent Age | |||||
| <25 years | 28 (6.7) | 6 (4.6) | 23 (8.0) | 17 (8.8) | 0.09 |
| 25–34 years | 136 (32.7) | 40 (30.5) | 111 (38.8) | 67 (34.7) | |
| 35–44 years | 201 (48.3) | 72 (55.0) | 103 (36.0) | 85 (44.0) | |
| ≥45 years | 47 (11.3) | 12 (9.2) | 46 (16.1) | 22 (11.4) | |
| Missing | 4 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | |
| Parent Race | |||||
| White | 316 (76.0) | 104 (79.4) | 221 (77.3) | 149 (77.2) | 0.64 |
| Black / African American | 21 (5.0) | 9 (6.9) | 13 (4.5) | 6 (3.1) | |
| Asian | 25 (6.0) | 5 (3.8) | 17 (5.9) | 6 (3.1) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 4 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | |
| Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | |
| Mixed raced | 46 (11.1) | 12 (9.2) | 25 (8.7) | 25 (13.0) | |
| Missing | 6 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (1.8) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Parent Hispanic Ethnicity | 78 (18.8) | 25 (19.1) | 51 (17.8) | 51 (26.4) | 0.28 |
| Parent Education | |||||
| High School or Less | 82 (19.7) | 30 (22.9) | 70 (24.5) | 59 (30.6) | 0.05 |
| Some College or Bachelor’s Degree | 191 (45.9) | 55 (42.0) | 121 (42.3) | 87 (45.1) | |
| > Bachelor’s Degree | 139 (33.4) | 45 (34.4) | 91 (31.8) | 42 (21.8) | |
| Missing | 4 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (2.6) | |
| Household Annual Income | |||||
| < $30,000 | 56 (13.5) | 7 (5.3) | 50 (17.5) | 39 (20.2) | <.01 |
| $30,000 – $60,000 | 61 (14.7) | 17 (13.0) | 40 (14.0) | 24 (12.4) | |
| > $60,000 | 216 (51.9) | 87 (66.4) | 133 (46.5) | 77 (39.9) | |
| Missing | 83 (20.0) | 20 (15.2) | 66 (22.0) | 53 (27.4) | |
| Communication Behavior Outcomese (Unadjusted) | |||||
| Category A | 64 (15.4) | 24 (18.5) | 58 (20.3) | 48 (25.0) | 0.04 |
| Category B | 220 (52.9) | 66 (50.8) | 147 (51.4) | 105 (54.7) | |
| Category C | 132 (31.7) | 40 (30.8) | 81 (28.3) | 39 (20.3) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
N(%): Number (percent); Different populations of parents/children are represented for each cross-sectional time-period
P-value represents differences across the 4 time periods listed.
Module 1 content: Two 25-minute online tutorials about best practices for both clinician communication behaviors and antibiotic prescribing; live or recorded 40-minute webinars on those same topics; individualized feedback report presenting antibiotic prescribing rates during ARTI visits in the baseline control period.
Module 2 content: Two 5-minute online booster video vignettes recapping communication best practices followed by knowledge questions; a second antibiotic prescribing feedback report, presenting prescribing rates during module 1.
Module 3 content: One 5-minute communication booster video vignette followed by knowledge questions; a third and a fourth antibiotic prescribing feedback report, presenting prescribing rates during modules 2 and 3, respectively.
Mixed: More than one race
Outcome Category A = Clinician used both a negative-positive combined treatment recommendation and a contingency plan
Outcome Category B = Clinician used either a negative-positive combined treatment recommendation or a contingency plan, but not both
Outcome Category C = Clinician used neither preferred communication behavior