Table 1.
Included studies.
| References | Countries (level of income)* | Multicenter study | Number of patients included | Age of cohort | Settings | Type of admission | Method used | SDM period | Comparison period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akuaake et al. (11) | South Africa (MIC) | No | 9,982 | Children <13 yrs. | ED | ED | Before-after | March 27 to April 30, 2020 | February 21 to March 26, 2020 |
| March 27 to April 30, 2019 | |||||||||
| March 27 to April 30, 2018 | |||||||||
| Angoulvant et al. (12) | France (HIC) | Yes | 871,543 | Children | ED n = 6 | ED | Time-series analysis | March 17 to April 19, 2020 | February 15 to March 16, 2020 |
| Araujo et al. (13) | Brazil (MIC) | Yes | 8,654 | Children | PICU n = 15 | PICU, bronchiolitis, asthma | Interrupted time-series method | March 1 to May 31, 2020 March 1 to May 31, 2020 |
March 1 to May 31, 2017-19 |
| Bastemur E | UK (HIC) | No | 136 | Children | transportation team | DKA | Before after | March 1 to July 31, 2020 | March 1 to July 31, 2015-19 |
| Baxter et al. (14) | UK (HIC) | No | 329 | Children | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 24 to May 10, 2020 | March 24, 2020, to May 10, 2019 |
| Bram et al. (15) | USA (HIC) | No | 1,745 | Children | ED + Clinic + virtual | Trauma | Before after | March 15 to April 15, 2020 | March 15 to April 15, 2018-19 |
| Bressan et al. (16) | Italy (HIC) | No | 3,713 | Children > 1 yr. | ED | Trauma, Burn, Poisoning | Before after | March 8 to April 20, 2020 | March 8 to April 20, 2019 |
| Britton et al. (17) | Australia (HIC) | No | NA | Children | ED | Bronchiolitis, RSV | Time-series analysis | April 1 to June 30, 2020 | Jan 1, 2015, to March 30, 2020 |
| Chavasse et al. (17) | UK (HIC) | No | NA | Children 1–17 yrs. | ED | Asthma | Before after | Week 12 to 19, 2020 | Week 12 to 19 2017-19 |
| Week 8 to 11, 2020 | |||||||||
| Chelo et al. (18) | Cameroon (MIC) | No | 33,363 | Children | HA | ED | Time-series analysis | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2016–19 |
| Christey et al. (19) | New Zealand (HIC) | No | 83 | Children <14 yrs. + adults | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 26 to April 8, 2020 | March 5 to March 18, 2020 |
| Ciofi degli Atti et al. (20) | Italy (HIC) | No | 18,825 | Children | ED | ED, Trauma | Before after | March 11 to April 20, 2020 | January 1 to February 19, 2020 |
| February 20 to March 10, 2020 | |||||||||
| Claudet e tal. (21) | France (HIC) | No | 3,137 | Children | ED | ED, Trauma | Before after | March 17 to April 19, 2020 | March 17 to April 19, 2017-19 |
| Clavenna et al. (22) | Italy (HIC) | No | 7,092 | Children | ED | ED | Before after | January 1 to March 31, 2020 Feb 23 to March 31, 2020 | January 1 to March 31, 2019 January to Feb 23, 2020 |
| February 24 to March 31, 2020 | January 1 to Feb 23, 2020 | ||||||||
| D'asta F | UK (HIC) | No | 10,063 | Children | ED | ED, Burn | Before after | March 23 to April 30, 2020 | March 23 to April 30, 2019 |
| Dann et al. (23) | Ireland (HIC) | No | 21,766 | Children | ED | ED, injury and poisoning, surgical, respiratory illnesses | Before after | March 1 to April 30, 2020 | March 1 to April 30, 2019 |
| Davico et al. | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 15,523 | Children <14 | ED n = 2 | ED, seizures | Before after | January 6 to April 19, 2020 | January 7 to April 21, 2019 |
| (24) | yrs. | January 6 to February 23, 2020 | January 7 to February 24, 2019 | ||||||
| February 24 to April 19, 2020 | February 25 to April 21 2019 | ||||||||
| Dean et al. (25) | USA (HIC) | No | 210,358 | Children | ED | ED | Time series analysis | December 31, 2019, to May 14, 2020 | December 31, to May 14, 2015-19 |
| Degiorgio et al. (26) | Malta (HIC) | No | 995 | Children <15 yrs. | ED | Medical ED, respiratory illnesses | Before after | March 1 to May 9, 2020 | March 1 to May 9, 2019 |
| Dhillon et al. (27) | India (MIC) | No | 74 | Children 0-12 yrs. | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 25 to May 3, 2020 | March 25 to May 3, 2019 |
| May 4 to May 31, 2020 | May 4 to May 31, 2019 | ||||||||
| Dopfer et al. (28) | Germany (HIC) | No | 5,424 | Children | ED | ED | Before after | January 1 to April 19, 2020 | January 1 to April 19, 2019 |
| Dyson et al. (29) | UK (HIC) | No | 146 | Children | Neurosurgery admission | Neurosurgery admission | Before after | March 23 to May 3, 2020 | March 25 to May 5, 2019 |
| Ferrero et al. (30) | Argentina (MIC) | No | Children 0–18 yrs. | ED | ED | Before after | January 1 to May 31, 2020 | January 1 to May 31, 2019 | |
| Fisher et al. (31) | USA (HIC) | Yes | 1,346 | Children | ED n=3 | Appendicitis | Before after | March 1 to May 7, 2020 | January 1, 2014, to June 1, 2019 |
| Friedrich et al. (32) | Brazil (MIC) | Yes | 167,870 | Children 0–1 yr. | ED / National database n = NA | Bronchiolitis | Times series analysis | March 1 to June 30, 2020 | March 1 to June 30, 2016-2019 |
| Gerall et al. (33) | USA (HIC) | No | 89 | Children | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1, 2019, to May 31, 2019 |
| Giamberti et al. (34) | Italy (HIC) | Yes | Children | Cardiac surgery n = 14 | Cardiac surgery | Before after | March 9 to May 4, 2020 | March 9 to May 4, 2019 | |
| Goldman et al. (35) | Canada (HIC) | Yes | 88,368 | Children 0–16 yrs. | ED n = 18 | ED | Before after | March 17 to April 30, 2020 | March 17 to April 30, 2019 |
| December 1, 2019, to January 27, 2020 | |||||||||
| January 28, 2020, to March 16, 2020 | |||||||||
| Graciano et al. (24) | USA (HIC) | No | 1,487 | Children | PICU | PICU, bronchiolitis, asthma | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2015-2019 |
| Gunadi et al. (36) | Indonesia (MIC) | No | 152 | Children | Surgery | Pediatric surgery | Before after | March 1 to May 31 2020 | March 1, 2019 – February 29, 2020 |
| Hampton et al. (37) | UK (HIC) | No | 5,165 | Children + adults | ED | ED, trauma | Before after | March 24 to April 7, 2020 | March 24 to April 7, 2019 March 10 to March 23, 2020 |
| Hartnett et al. (38) | USA (HIC) | Yes | >1,600,000 | Children 0–14 yrs. + adults | ED n = 3552 | ED | Before after | March 29 to April 25, 2020 | March 31 to April 27, 2019 |
| Hughes et al. (39) | UK (HIC) | Yes | 8,915 | Children 0-14 yrs. + adults | ED n = 109 | ED | Before after | March 12 to April 26, 2020 | March 14 to April 28, 2019 |
| Iozzi et al. (40) | Italy (HIC) | No | 2,956 | Children | ED | ED, trauma | Before after | March 10 to May 3, 2020 | March 10 to May 3, 2019 |
| Izba et al. (24) | UK/USA (HIC) | Yes | NA | Children 0–16 yrs. | ED n = 2 | ED | Before after | January 1 to May 20, 2020 | January 1 to May, 2019 |
| Weeks 1–12, 2020 | Weeks 1–12, 2019 | ||||||||
| Weeks 13–20, 2020 | Weeks 13–20, 2019 | ||||||||
| Kamrath et al. (31) | Germany (HIC) | Yes | 1,491 | Children | ED n = 217 | DKA | Before after | March 13 to May 13, 2020 | March 13 to May 13, 2018–19 |
| Rose et al. (41) | UK (HIC) | No | 4,690 | Children 0–16 yrs. | ED | ED, head trauma | Before after | March 21 to April 26, 2020 | March 21 to April 26, 2019 |
| Kishimoto et al. (14) | Japan (HIC) | Yes | 75,053 | Children 0-15 yrs. | HA n = 210 | Appendicitis, influenza | Interrupted time series analysis | March 1 to June 30, 2020 | July 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020 |
| Korun et al. (42) | Turkey (MIC) | No | 696 | Children | Cardiac surgery | Cardiac surgery | Before after | March 11 to May 11, 2020 | March 11, 2019, to March 10, 2020 |
| Krivec et al. (43) | Slovenia (HIC) | No | 27 | Children | HA | Asthma | Before after | March 16 to April 20, 2020 | March 16 to April 20, 2017–19 |
| Kruchevsky et al. (44) | Israel (HIC) | No | 8,291 | Children + adults | ED | ED, Burn, Trauma | Before after | March 14 to April 20, 2020 | March 14 to April 20, 2017–19 |
| Kuitunen et al. (24) | Finland (HIC) | Yes | 1,174 | Children | ED n=2 | ED | Before after | March 16 to April 12, 2020 | February 17 to March 15, 2020 |
| Kvasnovsky et al. (45) | USA (HIC) | No | 205 | Children | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before after | March 31 to May 3, 2020 | March 31 to May 3, 2017–2019 |
| Lalarukh et al. (46) | UK (HIC) | No | NA | Children <18 yrs. | ED | ED | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2019 |
| Lawrence et al. (47) | Australia (HIC) | No | 43 | Children <18 yrs. | ED | ED, DKA | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2015-19 |
| Lee et al. (48) | USA/Singapore/ Australia/France (HIC) |
Yes | NA | Children | ED n = 5 | ED, PICU | Time series analysis | December 1, 2017, to August 10, 2020 | |
| Lee-Archer et al. (49) | Australia (HIC) | No | 105 | Children | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before after | March 16 to May 5, 2020 | March 16 to May 5, 2019 |
| Lv et al. (24) | China (MIC) | Yes | 194 | Children + adults | ED n = 11 | Fractures | Before after | January 20, to February 19, 2020 | January 31 to March 2, 2019 |
| Mann et al. (50) | UK (HIC) | No | 147 | Children | ED | Burns | Before after | March 23 to May 31, 2020 | March 23 to May 31, 2019 |
| Manzoni et al. (48) | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 1,654 | Children | ED n = 2 | ED, Trauma, Urgent surgery | Before after | March 1 to April 30, 2020 | March 1 to April 30, 2019 |
| Matthay et al. (51) | USA (HIC) | No | 20,129 C+A | Children <15 yrs. + adults | ED | Trauma | Interrupted time-series analysis | March 17 to June 30, 2020 | January 1, 2015, to March 17, 2020 |
| McDonnell et al. (52) | Ireland (HIC) | Yes | 61,317 | Children | ED n = 5 | ED | Before after | February 29 to March 12, 2020 | February 29 to March 12, 2018–19 |
| March 13 to March 27, 2020 | March 13 to March 27, 2018–19 | ||||||||
| March 28 to May 17, 2020 | March 28 to May 17, 2018–19 | ||||||||
| Mekaoui et al. (53) | Morocco (MIC) | No | 5,342 | Children <16 yrs. | ED | ED | Before after | March 16 to April 15, 2020 | March 16 to April 15, 2019 |
| Memeo et al. (54) | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 1,380 | Children 0-17 yrs. | Trauma ED n = 2 | Trauma | Before after | February 23 to April 15, 2020 | February 23 to April 15, 2019 |
| Molina Gutiérrez et al. (55) | Spain (HIC) | No | 6,493 | Children <18 yrs. | ED | ED, trauma, poisoning | Before after | March 14 to April 17, 2020 | March 14 to April 17, 2019 |
| Montalva et al. (49) | France (HIC) | No | 108 | Children | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before after | January 20 to March 16, 2020 | March 17 to May 11, 2020 |
| Nabian et al. (56) | Iran (MIC) | No | 877 | Children <18 yrs. | Trauma ED | Trauma | Before after | March 1 to April 15, 2020 | March 1 to April 15, 2018-19 |
| Nelson et al. (57) | USA (HIC) | No | 94 | Children | Surgery | Testicular torsion | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | January 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020 |
| Nolen et al. (58) | USA (HIC) | No | NA | Children <3 yrs. | ED | RSV, ARI | Time series analysis | January 1 to May 31, 2020 | January 1 to May 31, 2009-19 |
| Nourazari et al. (59) | USA (HIC) | Yes | 501,369 | Children + adults | ED n = 12 | ED | Before after | January 1 to August 9, 2020 | January 1 to September 9, 2019 |
| Okonkwo et al. (60) | UK (HIC) | No | 3,826 | Children | Surgery | emergency surgery | Before after | March 23 to May 25, 2020 | March 23 to May 25, 2019 |
| Palladino et al. (61) | Italy (HIC) | No | 57 | Children 4–14 years | ED | ED, seizures | Before after | March 9 to May 4, 2020 | March 9 to May 4, 2019 |
| Park et al. (62) | UK (HIC) | No | 39 | Children + adults | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 17 to April 15, 2020 | March 17 to April 15, 2019 |
| Peiro-Garcia et al. (63) | Spain (HIC) | No | NA | Children | Orthopedic surgery | Orthopedic surgery & Trauma | Before after | March 14 to April 14, 2020 | March 14 to April 14, 2018–19 |
| Pines et al. (64) | USA (HIC) | Yes | 383,033 | Children + adults | ED n = 144 | ED, asthma, influenzae, viral infection, DKA, Appendicitis, Intussepstion, testicular torsion | Before after | March 13 to June 30, 2020 | March 13 to June 30, 2019 |
| Place (65) | USA (HIC) | No | 160 | Children <18 yrs. | ED | Appendicitis | Before after | March 16 to June 7, 2020 | March 16 to June 7, 2019 |
| Qasim et al. (66) | USA (HIC) | Yes | 336 | Children + adults | ED n = 2 | Trauma | Before after | March 9 to April 19, 2020 | March 9 to April 19, 2019 |
| Raitio et al. (67) | Finland (HIC) | Yes | 1,755 | Children | Surgery n = 5 | Trauma | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2017–19 |
| Raman et al. (68) | India (MIC) | No | 1,070 | Children | ED | ED, PICU | Before after | April 1 to July 31, 2020 | April 1 to July 31, 2019 |
| Pediatric Surgery Trainee Research Network | UK (HIC) | Yes | 87 | Children | Surgery n = 10 | Pyloric stenosis | Before after | March 23 to May 31, 2020 | March 23 to May 31, 2019 |
| Scaramuzza A | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 3,912 | Children <15 yrs. | ED n = 2 | ED | Before after | February 20 to March 30, 2020 | February 20 to March 30, 2019 |
| Bun et al. (43) | Japan (HIC) | Yes | 10,481 | Children <15 yrs. | ED n = 67 | Asthma | Interrupted time-series analysis | July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020 | July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019 |
| Sheridan et al. (69) | Ireland (HIC) | No | 423 | Children | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 13 to April 13, 2020 | March 13 to April 13, 2009–19 |
| Sherman et al. (70) | USA (HIC) | No | 224 | Children + adults | ED | Trauma | Before after | March 20 to May 14, 2020 | March 20 to May 14, 2017–19 |
| Shi et al. (42) | China (MIC) | Yes | 4,877 | Children | Cardiac surgery n = 13 | Cardiac surgery | Before after | January 23 to April 8, 2020 | January 23 to April 8, 2018–19 |
| Smarrazzo A | Italy (HIC) | No | Children | ED | ED | Before after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2019 | |
| Sperotto et al. (71) | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 1,001 | Children | PICU n = 4 | PICU, Seizures, Surgical, Trauma, Respiratory lower tract | Before after | February 24 to April 20, 2020 | December 30, 2019, to February 24, 2020 |
| February 24 to April 20, 2019 | |||||||||
| Williams et al. (72) | Scotland (HIC) | Yes | ED 462,437 | Children 0–14 yrs. | ED n=NA, PICU n = 2 | ED, PICU, Surgical ED, Bronchiolitis, Asthma, Seizures | Before after | March 23 to August 9, 2020 | March 23 to August 9, 2016–19 |
| PICU 413 | February 2 to August 9, 2020 | February 2 to August 9, 2016–19 | |||||||
| March 23 to June 30, 2020 | March 23 to June 30, 2016–19 | ||||||||
| Trenholme et al. (17) | New Zealand (HIC) | No | 5,248 | Children <2 yrs. | Hospital | LRTI, RSV, Influenza A, B, Rhinovirus/enterovirus, adenovirus | Interrupted time-series analysis | March 1 to August 31, 2020 | March 1 to August 31, 2015–019 |
| Turgut et al. (73) | Turkey (MIC) | No | 2,216 | Children <16 yrs. | Hospital | Orthopedic surgery & Trauma | Before-after | March 16 to May 22, 2020 | March 16 to May 22, 2018 & 2019 |
| Valitutti et al. (74) | Italy (HIC) | Yes | 38,501 | Children | ED n = 2 | ED, trauma, burn, seizure | Before-after | March 1 to May 31, 2020 | March 1 to May 31, 2019 |
| Vásquez-Hoyos (58) | Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay (MIC) | Yes | 3,041 | Children <18 yrs. | PICU | PICU, LRTI, bronchiolitis, RSV, influenza | Before-after | January 1 to August 31, 2020 | January 1 to August 31, 2018-19 |
| Velayos et al. (75) | Spain (HIC) | No | 66 | Children <18 yrs. | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before-after | January 1 to March 14, 2020 | March 15 to April 30, 2020 |
| Vierucci et al. (76) | Italy (HIC) | No | 1,418 | Children | ED | ED, LRTI, Trauma, Febrile Seizure, Appendicitis | Before-after | March 9 to May 31, 2020 | January 1 to March 8, 2020 |
| March 1 to May 31, 2020 | January 1 to February 29, 2019 | ||||||||
| Wei et al. (3) | China (MIC) | No | 4,527 | Children | Surgery | Urgent surgery | Before after | January 23 to May 21, 2020 | January 23 to May 21, 2019 |
| Wong et al. (67) | Australia (HIC) | No | 621 | Children | Orthopedics ED | Trauma | Before after | March 16 to April 26, 2020 | March 18 to April 28, 2019 |
| Zampieri et al. (77) | Italy (HIC) | No | 95 | Children | Surgery | Appendicitis | Before-after | March 1 to April 30, 2020 | March 1 to April 30, 2011-19 |
*LIC, low-income country; MIC, middle-income country; HIC, High-income country.