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. 2022 Jun 3;13:918771. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918771

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Copyright © 2022 Ma, Liu, Li and Xia.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A schematic view of the role of various cells, growth factors and cytokines in IPF. (A) Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells and circulating fibrocytes in the peripheral circulation are recruited to the lung by the chemokine-chemokine receptor axis. (B) Lung resident MSCs. (C) EMT/EndoMT-derived mesenchymal cells. (D) Cells from the above three sources aggregate, proliferate, and differentiate into myofibroblasts in the lung, ultimately leading to ECM expansion and scarring. (E) Immune cells and cytokines involved in IPF.