Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes.
| Variable | Mean change from baseline* | Between-group difference (95%CI)** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tai Chi (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | Tai Chi vs. Control | P # | ||
| Primary outcome: WOMAC score | |||||
| Knee pain (0 | #x02013;50)† | ||||
| Post-test | 14.55 ± 3.64 | 19.64 ± 4.06 | −5.09 (−7.74,−2.43) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 17.61 ± 2.22 | 20.58 ± 3.95 | −2.97 (−5.16,−0.78) | 0.009 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 18.94 ± 2.26 | 21.23 ± 5.22 | −2.91 (−5.03, 0.45) | 0.099 | |
| Knee stiffness (0–20)† | |||||
| Post-test | 6.33 ± 1.81 | 9.94 ± 3.15 | −3.60 (−5.36,−1.85) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 7.94 ± 2.01 | 10.05 ± 2.94 | −2.11 (−3.84,−0.38) | 0.018 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 9.22 ± 2.66 | 10.05 ± 3.17 | −0.83 (−2.84,1.17) | 0.404 | |
| Physical function (0–100)† | |||||
| Post-test | 27.72 ± 6.01 | 38.94 ± 6.32 | −11.21 (−15.46,−6.97) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 32.44 ± 7.92 | 39.76 ± 6.04 | −7.32 (−12.18,−2.45) | 0.004 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 34.77 ± 8.46 | 39.94 ± 5.57 | −5.16 (−10.12,−0.20) | 0.042 | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| BBS (0–56)‡ | |||||
| Post-test | 53.94 ± 1.55 | 52.23 ± 1.98 | 1.70 (0.48, 2.93) | 0.008 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 53.44 ± 1.46 | 52.17 ± 1.77 | 1.26 (0.15, 2.38) | 0.027 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 52.72 ± 1.40 | 52.11 ± 1.49 | 0.60 (−0.39,1.60) | 0.226 | |
| TUG (s) | |||||
| Post-test | 9.58 ± 0.28 | 10.10 ± 0.52 | −0.52 (−0.81, −0.23) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 9.82 ± 0.43 | 10.15 ± 0.44 | −0.32 (−0.60,−0.05) | 0.019 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 10.05 ± 0.32 | 10.21 ± 0.42 | −0.15 (−0.41,−0.09) | 0.218 | |
| SF-36 PCS (0–100)‡ | |||||
| Post-test | 67.77 ± 6.90 | 60.17 ± 4.31 | 7.60 (3.61,11.59) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 64.72 ± 5.54 | 59.35 ± 4.22 | 5.36 (1.96, 8.77) | 0.003 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 60.83 ± 6.69 | 58.82 ± 4.85 | 2.01 (−2.03, 6.05) | 0.319 | |
| SF-36 MCS (0–100)‡ | |||||
| Post-test | 66.88 ± 5.49 | 59.58 ± 4.67 | 7.30 (3.78,10.82) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 63.72 ± 6.03 | 59.29 ± 5.03 | 4.42 (0.59, 8.26) | 0.025 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 60.16 ± 6.79 | 58.82 ± 5.51 | 1.34 (−2.92, 5.61) | 0.527 | |
| PSQI (0–21)† | |||||
| Post-test | 5.16 ± 3.18 | 8.88 ± 2.31 | −3.71 (−5.64,−1.79) | 0.001 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 6.77 ± 3.54 | 9.29 ± 2.14 | −2.51 (−4.54,−0.48) | 0.017 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 7.72 ± 3.61 | 9.35 ± 1.69 | −1.63 (−3.59, 0.32) | 0.100 | |
| SDS (20–80)† | |||||
| Post-test | 36.44 ± 7.70 | 41.82 ± 5.67 | −5.37 (−10.05,−0.70) | 0.025 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 38.05 ± 7.75 | 41.94 ± 6.08 | −3.88 (−8.70, 0.92) | 0.110 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 39.94 ± 7.88 | 42.47 ± 5.54 | −2.52 (−7.24, 2.18) | 0.284 | |
| SAS (20–80)† | |||||
| Post-test | 33.05 ± 5.09 | 38.11 ± 3.72 | −5.06 (−8.14,−1.97) | 0.002 | |
| Follow-up 3 months | 35.38 ± 4.44 | 38.76 ± 4.02 | −3.37 (−6.29,−0.45) | 0.025 | |
| Follow-up 6 months | 36.66 ± 3.98 | 38.94 ± 3.99 | −2.27 (−5.01, 0.47) | 0.101 | |
*Values are the mean ± SD (Standard Deviation). **Values are shown as mean (95% confidence interval). WOMAC, The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; BBS, Berg balance scale; TUG, Time up go; SF-36, The MOS item short form health survey; MCS, Mental component summary; PCS, Physical component summary; PAQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale. #Pvalues were calculated with repeated-measures analysis of variance. †Lower scores indicated an improved state. ‡Higher scores indicated an improved state.