Table 1.

Maternal and neonatal characteristics in a matched study of 30 pairs of term placentas in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) vs. euglycemic (control) pregnancies in Shanghai birth cohort.

	GDM (n=30)	Control (n=30)	P*
Mothers
Age	29.8 ± 4.1	29.8 ± 3.2	0.999
>35 years	4 (13.3)	2 (6.7)	0.335
Alcohol drinking in pregnancy	2 (7.7)	7 (25.9)	0.079
Family history of diabetes	6 (20.0)	2 (6.7)	0.127
Education, university	18 (60.0)	20 (66.7)	0.592
Primiparity	26 (86.7)	24 (80.0)	0.757
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	24.4 ± 3.48	21.2 ± 3.78	0.002
BMI group			0.023
<18.5	1 (3.8)	5 (18.5)
18.5-24.0	10 (38.5)	17 (63.0)
24.0+	15 (57.7)	5 (18.5)
Gestational weight gain (kg)	14.9 ± 4.8	15.9 ± 4.9	0.475
Z score	0.17 ± 0.81	0.19 ± 0.99	0.920
Caesarean section	22 (73.3)	8 (26.7)	<0.001
75 g OGTT glucose (mmol/L)
Fasting	4.9 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.4	<0.001
1-hour	9.8 ± 1.7	7.0 ± 1.5	<0.001
2-hour	7.9 ± 2.0	6.0 ± 1.2	<0.001
HbA1c (%) at 32-35 weeks	5.3 ± 0.4	5.1 ± 0.3	0.061
Newborns
Birth weight (g)	3814 ± 524	3390 ± 264	<0.001
Z score	1.23 ± 1.39	0.13 ± 0.66	<0.001
Birth length (cm)	50.5 ± 1.14	50.05 ± 0.68	0.076
Z score	0.51 ± 1.13	0.03 ± 0.71	0.060
Sex, boy	17 (56.7)	17 (56.7)	1.000
Gestational age at delivery	39.4 ± 0.68	39.6 ± 0.80	0.185
Cord blood biomarkers
Insulin (pmol/L)	32.7 ± 28.9	40.1 ± 43.4	0.716
C-peptide (pmol/L)	284.5 ± 170.6	286.8 ± 161.1	0.994
Proinsulin (pmol/L)	26.9 ± 22.4	24.4 ± 22.1	0.920
Leptin (ng/ml)	9.3 ± 7.7	9.4 ± 6.7	0.407
Adiponectin-HMW (µg/ml)	14.9 ± 8.9	20.5 ± 10.4	0.018
Adiponectin-Total (µg/ml)	32.8 ± 14.9	40.6 ± 18.4	0.073
IGF-I (ng/ml)	81.6 ± 27.9	68.7 ± 22.9	0.083
IGF-II (ng/ml)	198.5 ± 28.3	191.4 ± 32.8	0.335

Data presented are mean ± SD or n (%); HMW, high-molecular-weight.

^*P values for differences between the two groups; P values in bold, P<0.05.