Figure 4.

Dysregulated gene expression and abnormal metabolic signaling in microenvironmental CD4⁺ T cells in HT and GD. (A) Single-cell tSNE plots demonstrating HT, GD, and control microenvironment CD4⁺ T-cell profiles. (B, C) KEGG pathway involved in genes with high-confidence dysregulated expression in bulk level and CD4⁺ T cells in HT (B) and GD (C) patients. Heatmap of DEGs from ONT sequencing on the left, heatmap of DEGs from RNA sequencing in the middle, and heatmap of DEGs from CD4⁺ T cells on the right. (D) Composite GSEA plot demonstrating the KEGG pathway of significant dysregulation of microenvironmental CD4⁺ T cells in HT. EXP, expression; GD, Graves’ disease; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies.