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. 2022 May 26;13:891268. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891268

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Mu, Zhang, He and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of TGF-β on different cell components in the TME. TGF-β is enriched in the TME and acts on nonimmune and immune cells to fulfill antitumor or protumor growth functions.