Table 3. Path Model of Factors Associated With Global Distress After Hurricanes Irma and Michael and Functional Impairment After Hurricane Michaela.
| Variable | b (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 2 (after Hurricane Irma): global distress | Wave 3 (after Hurricane Michael) | |||||
| Global distress | Functional impairment | |||||
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect | |
| Wave 1 | ||||||
| Mental health ailments before Hurricane Irmab | 0.31 (0.21 to 0.41)c | NA | 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.17) | 0.17 (0.10 to 0.23)c | 0.09 (−0.01 to 0.20) | 0.22 (0.11 to 0.33)c |
| Loss and/or injury before Hurricane Irma | 0.08 (0.000 to 0.15) | NA | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.06) | 0.04 (−0.0004 to 0.08) | −0.0002 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.09) |
| Evacuation experience before Hurricane Irma | 0.07 (−0.08 to 0.22) | NA | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12) | −0.07 (−0.17 to 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) |
| Hours of Hurricane Irma–related media exposure | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02)d | NA | 0.005 (−0.003 to 0.01) | 0.01 (0.003 to 0.01)d | 0.003 (−0.003 to 0.01) | 0.01 (0.004 to 0.02)d |
| Femalee | 0.09 (−0.01 to 0.18) | NA | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.002 to 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.13) |
| College education | 0.003 (−0.07 to 0.08) | NA | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04) | 0.002 (−0.04 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) |
| Race and ethnicityf | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | −0.03 (−0.17 to 0.12) | NA | 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.27) | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.06) | −0.09 (−0.27 to 0.09) | 0.10 (−0.03 to 0.23) |
| Hispanic | −0.003 (−0.12 to 0.11) | NA | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.12) | −0.002 (−0.06 to 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.10) |
| Other, non-Hispanicg | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.47) | NA | −0.14 (−0.27 to −0.01) | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.25) | −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.15) | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.13) |
| Income | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02)c | NA | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.004) | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.01)c | −0.005 (−0.02 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)c |
| Wave 2 | ||||||
| In evacuation zone during Hurricane Irma and did not evacuateh | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.29)i | NA | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.12) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.15)i | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.24)i | 0.10 (0.003 to 0.19)i |
| In evacuation zone during Hurricane Irma and evacuatedh | 0.08 (−0.05 to 0.20) | NA | 0.07 (−0.02 to 0.15) | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.14) | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.19)i |
| Loss and/or injury in Hurricane Irma | 0.16 (0.06 to 0.26)d | NA | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.10) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.14)d | −0.001 (−0.09 to 0.09) | 0.09 (0.003 to 0.17)i |
| Global distress | NA | NA | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.63)c | NA | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.12) | 0.46 (0.36 to 0.56)c |
| Wave 3 | ||||||
| Direct exposure to Hurricane Michael | NA | NA | 0.09 (−0.09 to 0.27) | NA | 0.10 (−0.10 to 0.31) | 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.24) |
| Indirect exposure to Hurricane Michael | NA | NA | 0.05 (−0.002 to 0.10) | NA | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.12)d | 0.04 (−0.003 to 0.09) |
| Hours of Hurricane Michael–related media exposure | NA | NA | 0.001 (−0.01 to 0.01) | NA | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02)c | 0.001 (−0.01 to 0.01) |
| Recent individual-level adversity | NA | NA | 0.03 (0.004 to 0.05)i | NA | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.02 (0.003 to 0.04)i |
| Global distress | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99)c | NA |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
Data are for 1637 Florida residents in the total sample. Florida residents were surveyed in the 60 hours before Hurricane Irma (wave 1: September 8-11, 2017). A second survey was administered 1 month after Hurricane Irma (wave 2: October 12-29, 2017), and a third survey was administered after Hurricane Michael (wave 3: October 22 to November 6, 2018).
A response of 0 indicated no prior mental health ailments; 1, prior anxiety or depression; and 2, prior anxiety and depression.
P < .001.
P < .01.
Male was the reference group.
White, non-Hispanic was the reference group.
Other included those who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or “a different race.”
Not in an evacuation zone was the reference group.
P < .05.