Table 2.
Defining hypertension: estimated prevalence and outcomes. All outcomes compared with normotensive comparator group, unless stated otherwise. ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure measurement; 95% CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, hazard ratio; IDHOCO, International Database of HOme blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome; JAMP, Japan Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Prospective; J-HOP, Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure; OR, odds ratio; PAMELA, Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SPRINT, Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial; STEP, Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients.
| Category | Definition | Measure | Estimate of prevalence (%) | Landmark studies (no. of patients) | CV outcomes OR (95% CI) or HR∗ | Mortality (OR or HR∗) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated systolic | >140 mm Hg SBP | Clinic/ABPM | 1.8–6 | SPRINT (n=9361) STEP (n=8511) |
0.73 (0.63–0.86)∗ 0.72 (0.56–0.93)∗ |
0.75 (0.61–0.92)∗ 0.72 (0.39–1.32)∗ |
| White coat hypertension | >130 mm Hg SBP or >80 mm Hg DBP | ABPM | 10–15 | PAMELA (n=3200)28 | 1.4 [1.03–2.0] | 1.3 [1.1–1.7]∗ |
| Masked hypertension | >140 mm Hg SBP | ABPM | 9–17 | IDHOCO (n=661)29 | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 1.4 (1.03–2.0) |
| Isolated nocturnal hypertension | >140 mm Hg systolic | ABPM | 6–11 | J-HOP (n=2545)30 | 1.2 [1.1–1.4]∗ | 1.3 (1.01–1.7) |
| Non-dipping pattern | >140 mm Hg systolic | ABPM | ∼41 (untreated BP) | JAMP (n=6539)31 Spanish Registry (n=8384)32 |
1.48 [1.05–2.08] | – |
∗ indicates hazard ratio rather than odds ratio.