Figure 3.

Putative migration path to Japan

Putative migration path of hpRyukyu (A) and hspOkinawa (B). The line from Afghanistan to Nepal was colored green and gray since those strains belong to hpEurope or hpAsia2. Because hpSahul strains are not observed anywhere in the Eurasian continent, its putative path is indicated by a dotted light blue line. During the last ice age, Hokkaido was connected to the Eurasian continent via Sakhalin (A). The Okinawa islands were isolated all the time (B). HspEAsia and hspMaori spread with rice agriculture and advanced navigation systems, respectively (C).