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. 2022 Jun 17;21:191. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04169-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — GMZ2-CAF01 study overview. Participants were allocated in five separate groups: (1) Group A (control vaccine; n = 8, (2) Group B (100 µg GMZ2-Alhydrogel; n = 12), (3) Group C (30 µg GMZ2- CAF01; n = 8), (4) Group D (100 µg GMZ2-CAF01; n = 12), and (5) Group E (100 µg GMZ2-CAF01, without subsequent CHMI; n = 10). All injections were administered intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle on study days 0, 28, and 56, in alternating sides. Thirteen weeks after receiving last completion of the immunization dose, volunteers of Groups A–D underwent CHMI by direct venous inoculation (DVI) of 3200 aseptic, purified, cryopreserved P. falciparum sporozoites (Sanaria® PfSPZ Challenge), strain NF54, to assess vaccine efficacy (VE). Group E volunteers were followed-up for 6 months post–immunization without CHMI. Small graph in the upper side corner indicates sampling time points selected to characterize T, B, and antibody breadth responses. Figure legend to the right indicates the time points designed to sample study subjects