Table 1.
Study population baseline characteristics overall and by status of GWG according to the 2009 IOM guidelines
| Baseline characteristics | Entire dataset (n = 1230) |
2009 IOM GWG guidelinesa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate GWG (n = 517, 42.0%) |
Adequate GWG (n = 270, 22%) |
Excessive GWG (n = 443, 36%) |
||
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age at baseline (years) | 24.1 (4.2) | 23.9 (4.4) | 24.1 (3.8) | 24.2 (4.2) |
| Weight at baseline | 59.9 (11.7) | 59.1 (12.0) | 58.3 (10.5) | 61.8 (11.8) |
| Height at baseline (cm) | 156.2 (6.1) | 156.0 (6.3) | 155.8 (5.8) | 156.7 (5.9) |
| Gestational age at baseline (weeks) | 17.9 (4.3) | 18.1 (4.5) | 17.5 (4.2) | 18.0 (4.1) |
| Total number of antenatal visitsb | 5 (2–9) | 5 (2–8) | 5 (2–8) | 5 (2–9) |
| n (%) | ||||
| Treatment (iron supplement) | 601 (48.9) | 247 (47.8) | 137 (50.7) | 221 (49.9) |
| Primigravida | 706 (57.4) | 285 (55.1) | 150 (55.6) | 271 (61.2) |
| Marital status (married) | 979 (79.6) | 420 (81.2) | 219 (81.1) | 345 (77.9) |
| BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 24.5 (4.6) | 24.3 (4.7) | 24.1 (4.2) | 25.1 (4.5) |
| BMI at 14 weeks of gestation (kg/m2) | 24.0 (4.3)d | 23.5 (4.4) | 23.5 (4.0) | 24.9 (4.4) |
| Education status | ||||
| 0–4 years | 61 (5.0) | 25 (4.8) | 14 (5.2) | 22 (5.0) |
| 5–7 years | 645 (52.4) | 286 (55.3) | 147 (54.4) | 212 (47.9) |
| 8–11 years | 343 (27.9) | 136 (26.3) | 75 (27.8) | 132 (29.8) |
| ≥ 12 years | 181 (14.7) | 70 (13.5) | 34 (12.6) | 77 (17.4) |
| Occupation status | ||||
| Unemployed | 619 (50.3) | 274 (53.0) | 134 (49.6) | 211 (47.6) |
| Unskilled or informal | 381 (31.0) | 154 (29.8) | 89 (33.0) | 138 (31.2) |
| Skilled | 230 (18.7) | 89 (17.2) | 47 (17.4) | 94 (21.2) |
| History of prior complicationsc | 1–91 (15.5) | 49 (18.2) | 78 (15.1) | 64 (14.5) |
Institute of Medicine (IOM), gestational weight gain (GWG), standard deviation (SD), body mass index (BMI)
aThe IOM provided recommended ranges of weekly GWG rate during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (kg/week) by pre-pregnancy BMI status: 0.44––0.58 kg/week for underweight, 0.35–0.50 kg/week for normal weight, 0.23–0.33 kg/week for overweight, and 0.17–0.27 kg/week for obese. BMI categories were defined according to the WHO standard BMI guidelines
bMedian (interquartile range) were presented
cHistory of prior complications was defined as reporting any of the following: cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, weight loss in previous year, ever having a low-birth-weight baby or non-live birth (fetal death, abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy) among non-primigravida
dImputed gestational weight at 14 weeks of gestation