Table 2.
Predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in the rural and urban settings
| Variables | Rural | Urban | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate model | Multivariate model | Univariate model | Multivariate model | |||||||||
| cOR | 95% CI | p value | aOR | 95% CI | p value | cOR | 95% CI | p value | aOR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Male | 0.94 | 0.81, 1.09 | 0.422 | 1.027 | 1.913, 3.33 | 0.556 | 0.998 | 0.895, 1.112 | 0.965 | 0.960 | 0.856, 1.077 | 0.492 |
| Age | 0.997 | 0.992, 1.00 | 0.2 | 0.999 | 0.995, 1.003 | 0.697 | 0.994 | 0.990, 0.998 | 0.198 | 0.997 | 0.992, 1.002 | 0.222 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.165 | 0.896, 1.516 | 0.256 | 1.057 | 0.904, 1.236 | 0.485 | 0.912 | 0.667, 1.248 | 0.569 | 0.830 | 0.611, 1.126 | 0.231 |
| Secondary or higher | 1.183 | 0.877, 1.596 | 0.272 | 1.0105 | 0.831 | 0.916 | 1.166 | 0.835, 1.628 | 0.369 | 0.918 | 0.648, 1.300 | 0.630 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Single | 1.273 | 1.036, 1.567 | 0.0239 | 1.041 | 0.893, 1.21 | 0.605 | 1.262 | 1.051, 1.517 | 0.013 | 0.975 | 0.797, 1.192 | 0.805 |
| Widowed | 1.102 | 0.840, 1.445 | 0.4838 | 1.129 | 0.963, 1.324 | 0.136 | 0.871 | 0.682, 1.111 | 0.267 | 0.957 | 0.748, 1.222 | 0.723 |
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Farming | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.022 | 0.879, 1.190 | 0.775 | 0.916 | 0.813, 1.030 | 0.146 | 0.767 | 0.691, 0.852 | < 0.001 | 0.827 | 0.716, 0.955 | 0.010 |
| Farming and livestock | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.809 | 0.664, 0.985 | 0.0365 | 0.957 | 0.821, 1.114 | 0.573 | 1.065 | 0.891, 1.272 | 0.488 | 1.017 | 0.818, 1.264 | 0.878 |
| Business | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.002 | 0.824, 1.219 | 0.981 | 0.932 | 0.827, 1.051 | 0.253 | 1.194 | 0.074, 1.327 | 0.0001 | 1.096 | 0.975, 1.232 | 0.126 |
| Employed | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.059 | 0.871, 1.288 | 0.568 | 1.06 | 0.936, 1.2001 | 0.361 | 1.241 | 1.002, 1.536 | 0.048 | 1.133 | 0.873, 1.471 | 0.348 |
| Subscription to health insurance | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.948 | 0.809, 1.110 | 0.508 | 0.935 | 0.848, 1.032 | 0.184 | 0.999 | 0.850, 1.174 | 0.991 | 0.925 | 0.766, 1.116 | 0.416 |
| Perceived distance to a health care centre or drug outlet | ||||||||||||
| Drug outlet | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Health facility | 0.422 | 0.390, 0.457 | < 0.001 | 0.421 | 0.388, 0.458 | < 0.001 | 0.783 | 0.710, 0.864 | < 0.001 | 0.837 | 0.755, 0.929 | < 0.001 |
| Awareness of antibiotic resistance | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.984 | 0.859, 1.126 | 0.811 | 1.06 | 0.984, 1.141 | 0.123 | 1.007 | 0.897, 1.130 | 0.904 | 0.936 | 0.832, 1.053 | 0.270 |
cOR crude odds ratio
aOR adjusted odds ratio