Table 1.
Summary of parameters for USCM BBB opening
| Carrier system | Types of ultrasound | Parameters of ultrasound | Mechanism | Duration (min) | Refs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (MHz) | Sound pressure (MPa) | Pulse length (ms) | PRF (Hz) | |||||
| BCNU bubbles | pFUS | 10 | 0.5–4.5 | – | 10 | Cavitation effect | 4 | [42] |
| DOX-SPIO-MBs | pFUS | 0.4 | 0.325 | – | 1 | Cavitation effect | 1.5 | [43] |
| PFP nanodroplets | pFUS | 1.5 | 0.45; 0.60 | 6.7 | 5 | Cavitation effect | 5 | [44] |
| PEG-PLGA-PFP nanodroplets | cFUS | 1 | 1.0 | – | – |
Thermal effect; cavitation effect |
3 | [45] |
| Nanobubbles | pFUS | 0.75 ± 0.05 | < 0.5 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 0.5 | [46] |
| – | LIFUP | 1 | 0.3 | – | 1 | Cavitation effect | 2 | [47] |
| Propofol-loaded nanoemulsions | pFUS | 1 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.5 | Cavitation effect | 2 | [48] |
| – | pFUS | 0.69 | 0.6–0.8 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 1 | [49] |
| AP-1 Lipo-Dox | HIFUS | 1 | 0.7 | – | 1 | Cavitation effect | – | [50] |
| CDDP-BPN nanoparticles | cFUS | 1.14 | 0.8 | – | – | Cavitation effect | – | [51] |
| The liposomal (LP)-O.6BTG-C18 nanoparticles | LIFUP | – | 0.28–0.55 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 3 | [52] |
| BCNU-MBs | pFUS | 1 | 0.5 | 5 | 5 | Cavitation effect | 2 | [53] |
| GDNFp-liposome | pFUS | 0.5 | 0.33 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 0.5 | [54] |
| MBs | pFUS | 0.612 | 0.55–0.81 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 1 | [55] |
| Albumin-based nanoclusters | pFUS | 1.1 | 0.30 | 10 | 1 | Cavitation effect | 2 | [56] |
Abbreviations: pFUS, pulsed focused ultrasound; PRF, pulse repetition frequency; LIFUP/HIFUP, low-intensity/ high-intensity focused ultrasound pulses; cFUS, continuous focused ultrasound