Table 3.
Associations of dimensions of sleep with breakfast consumption (N = 590)
| Within-Person | Between-Person | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model predictor | OR | 95%CI OR | OR | 95%CI OR | ||
| Nightly sleep measures | ||||||
| Sleep duration (linear, hrs) | .98 | [.92 | 1.04] | .55 | [.14 | 2.22] |
| Sleep duration*sleep duration (quadratic, hrs) | .97** | [.95 | .99] | 1.03 | [.95 | 1.13] |
| Sleep onset (hrs) | .91* | [.84 | .99] | .88* | [.80 | .97] |
| Sleep midpoint (hrs) | .91* | [.84 | .99] | .88* | [.80 | .97] |
| Sleep offset (hrs) | .94† | [.87 | 1.01] | .91† | [.82 | 1.01] |
| Sleep maintenance efficiency (%) | .99 | [.96 | 1.02] | 1.03 | [.98 | 1.08] |
| Subjective sleep qualitya | 1.03 | [.85 | 1.25] | 1.58* | [1.11 | 2.24] |
| Sleep variability measuresb | ||||||
| Sleep duration (SD, hrs) | --- | --- | --- | .75** | [.61 | .92] |
| Sleep onset (SD, hrs) | --- | --- | --- | .82† | [.65 | 1.04] |
| Sleep midpoint (SD, hrs) | --- | --- | --- | .68** | [.53 | .88] |
| Sleep offset (SD, hrs) | --- | --- | --- | .74*** | [.62 | .88] |
| SRIc | --- | --- | --- | 1.01 | [1.00 | 1.02] |
| Social jetlag (hrs)d | --- | --- | --- | .96 | [.80 | 1.15] |
Notes. Each row represents a separate multilevel model that adjusts for demographic/household covariates: school day (within-person; nightly measures only), boredom, loneliness, happiness, birth sex, race/ethnicity, household income, body mass index percentile, and depressive symptoms (all between-person). Models with predictors of interest other than sleep duration further adjust for sleep duration (linear and quadratic, sleep duration2). The within-person effect for nightly sleep measures is represented by the deviation from the adolescent’s overall mean at each time point. The between-person effect for nightly sleep measures is represented by each adolescent’s mean across all time points. The between-person effect for sleep variability measures is represented by SD, SRI, or social jetlag value per adolescent. Sleep timing measures (onset, midpoint, and offset) were centered around midnight (0:00). The mean number of valid actigraphy nights was 5.6 ± 1.4 (range: 3–9; IQR 5–7) and the mean number of breakfast reports was 5.5 ± 1.4 (range: 3–9; IQR 4–7) per adolescent
aRanges from 0 (very bad)–3 (very good)
bHigher value means greater variability, except the reverse for the SRI
cCalculated based on formula from Phillips et al. [42]; ranges from 0 (low)–100 (high)
dCalculated based on formula from Wittmann et al. [43]. N = 372 (adolescent included only if provided one weekday and one weekend night of actigraphy; n = 372)
†p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, two-tailed
CI confidence interval, hrs hours, OR odds ratio, SRI sleep regularity index