Table 1.

Mechanisms of Actions and Indications of EMA Approved Biologics for IBD

Name	Mechanism of Action	Adult Indications	Pediatric Indications
Infliximab	Anti-TNF-α inhibitor	UC and CD	UC and CD
Adalimumab	Anti-TNF-α inhibitor	UC and CD	UC and CD
Certolizumab	Anti-TNF-α inhibitor	CD	None
Golimumab	Anti-TNF-α inhibitor	UC	None
Vedolizumab	α4β7 integrin inhibitor	UC and CD	None
Natalizumab	CAM a4 inhibitor	CD	None
Ustekinumab	IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor	CD and UC	None

Abbreviations: CAM, cell adhesion molecule; CD, Crohn’s disease; EMA, European Medicines Agency; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; UC, ulcerative colitis.