Fig. 4.

Toxicity to lung includes different endpoints such as irritation (transient effects) and sensitization (immune-mediated response). Experimental data on lung toxicity originates from different sources and they are combined in a decision framework for hazard assessment; for example, in vitro data may originate from assays investigating molecular targets associated with lung toxicity, such as TRPA1, an ion channel whose activation is proposed to induce sensory pulmonary irritation (see supplementary material). In silico methods build on available experimental data and they can thus be integrated in the overall hazard assessment framework.