Extended Data Fig. 7. Results of the blinded reader study.

For each model (seven model types, BRAF and MSI/dMMR prediction tasks, positive and negative class), a blinded observer scored the presence of five relevant histopathological patterns or structures in the highly scoring image tiles. (a) Presence of relevant patterns or structures in highly scoring tiles in the BRAF mutated class for BRAF prediction models trained on 300 patients per cohort, as scored by the blinded observer. P-values indicate a two-sided comparison between the three local models and the three Swarm-trained models for each feature. (b) Presence of relevant patterns or structures in highly scoring tiles in the MSI/dMMR for MSI status prediction models trained on 300 patients per cohort, as scored by the blinded observer. (c) Same experiment as panel (A), but for the models which were trained on all patients in all cohorts. (d) Same experiment as panel (B), but for the models which were trained on all patients in all cohorts. Abbreviations: MSI = mismatch repair deficiency, B-Chkpt = basic Swarm Learning experiment checkpoint, W-Chkpt = weighted Swarm Learning experiment checkpoint, TILs = tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, Poor Diff. = poor differentiation, Crohn’s like = Crohn’s like lymphoid reaction, N/A = not applicable (division by zero). All statistical comparisons were made with two-sided t-tests without correction for multiple testing.