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. 2022 Jun 17;12:10265. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14535-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plot showing hazard ratios for cardiovascular death with 95% confidence limits (adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, peak workload, maximal heart rate, maximal systolic blood pressure, heart rate recovery, ST depression, and cardiovascular medications) based on combinations of presence/absence of PVC during recovery and echocardiographic abnormalities. ECHO− no significant abnormality on echocardiography, ECHO+ significant abnormality on echocardiography, PVC premature ventricular contractions, PVC− < 1 PVC/min during recovery, PVC+ ≥ 1 PVC/min during recovery. An echocardiographic abnormality was defined as either: reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, at least moderate valvular heart disease, left ventricular dilatation, increased left ventricular mass or increased filling pressures defined as E/e′ ≥ 15 and either dilated LA or increased RV–RA pressure gradient.