Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies concerning the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on semen parameters

Ref	Country	Date	Specimen	Presence of SARS-CoV − 2 in semen	Population	Outcome	Newcastle–Ottawa scale
[18]	Duesseldorf, Germany	August 2020	Blood Pharyngeal swab Semen	+	14 mild 14 moderates 14 controls	Decreased sperm concentration, count, and motility	8
[23]	Hefei, China	March 2021	Blood Throat swabs or respiratory specimens Semen	_	29 mild 10 moderates 2 severe 50 controls	Decreased sperm concentration, count, and motility	9
[22]	Istanbul, Turkey	October 2020	Blood Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal Semen	+	10 patients 10 controls	Decreased sperm morphology	7
[24]	Wuhan, China	November 2020	Blood Pharyngeal swab Semen Urine	+	11 mild 31 moderates 32 severe 145controls	Decreased sperm concentration, count, and motility	7
[21]	Wuhan, China	October 2020	Throat swab Semen	+	9 mild 14 moderates 22 controls	Decreased sperm concentration, impairment of spermatogenesis	7
[30]	Miami, USA	July 2021	Nasal or pharyngeal swab Semen	+	30 patients 30 controls	Decreased sperm concentration and sperm count	6
[16]	Qom, Iran	June 2021	Nasopharyngeal swab Blood Semen	-	60 patients 40 controls	Decreased sperm concentration, motility, vitality, and normal form	6
[31]	Ankara, Turkey	July 2021	Blood Nasopharyngeal swab Semen	-	21 patients	Decreased sperm count, concentration, morphology, motility, and semen volume	5
[19]	Istanbul, Turkey	June 2021	Nasopharyngeal swabs Semen	-	24 mild	Decreased sperm count and concentration	6
[20]	Karaman, Turkey	April 2021	Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs Semen	-	26 mild 43 moderates	Decreased sperm count, concentration, motility, and semen volume	7
[32]	Konya, Turkey	October 2021	Semen	-	39 mild 43 moderates	Decreased sperm count, morphology, and concentration	5
[17]	Shiraz, Iran	October 2021	Nasopharyngeal swabs Blood Semen	-	200 patients	Decreased sperm concentration, morphology, and motility	6