FIGURE 6.

2D‐ and 3D‐hMSC‐EVs exhibit immunomodulatory properties. (a) M1 and M2 marker gene expression levels of macrophage upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when treated with 2D‐ or 3D‐hMSC‐EVs (n = 3). (b) Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) activity from basal level and Interferon (IFN)‐γ priming of hMSCs (at P5) treated with EVs (n = 3). OD: optical density. (c) Representative flow cytometry histogram plot of CD8+ T cell proliferation profile from triplicate samples. (d) T cell proliferation peaks were measured in the bar graph for control, 2D‐hMSC‐EV, and 3D‐hMSC‐EV conditions (n = 3). *and #P < 0.05; **P < 0.01