Table 2.

Independent effects of insulin resistance and hemoglobin A1c on left ventricular parameters assessed by multivariate MR

	IVW		Weighted-median		MR-Egger
	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
LV end-diastolic volume, ml
IR	− 0.27 (− 0.47, − 0.08)	0.006	− 0.25 (− 0.48, − 0.01)	0.038	− 0.32 (− 0.61, − 0.03)	0.030
HbA1c	− 0.06 (− 0.34, 0.21)	0.647	0.01 (− 0.34, 0.36)	0.943	− 0.07 (− 0.34, 0.21)	0.643
LV end-systolic volume, ml
IR	− 0.31 (− 0.51, − 0.11)	0.002	− 0.28 (− 0.52, − 0.03)	0.027	− 0.38 (− 0.67, − 0.08)	0.012
HbA1c	0.11 (− 0.17, 0.39)	0.437	0.16 (− 0.20, 0.51)	0.392	0.11 (− 0.17, 0.39)	0.445
LV ejection fraction, %
IR	0.19 (0.03, 0.35)	0.022	0.06 (− 0.17, 0.29)	0.619	0.27 (0.03, 0.51)	0.026
HbA1c	− 0.23 (− 0.46, 0.003)	0.053	− 0.26 (− 0.59, 0.06)	0.113	− 0.23 (− 0.46, 0.01)	0.055
LV mass, g
IR	0.15 (− 0.03, 0.33)	0.093	0.01 (− 0.25, 0.27)	0.935	− 0.04 (− 0.30, 0.22)	0.748
HbA1c	0.03 (− 0.23, 0.28)	0.827	0.02 (− 0.30, 0.34)	0.915	0.02 (− 0.22, 0.27)	0.851
LV mass to end-diastolic volume ratio, g/ml
IR	0.48 (0.30, 0.65)	7.98 × 10−8	0.62 (0.35, 0.89)	5.79 × 10−6	0.29 (0.03, 0.54)	0.024
HbA1c	0.15 (− 0.09, 0.40)	0.223	0.08 (− 0.25, 0.41)	0.634	0.15 (− 0.09, 0.39)	0.226

IR insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, LV left ventricular, IVW inverse-variance weighted, CI confidence interval, MR Mendelian randomization. In multivariate MR analysis of LV parameters, rs8101064 and rs6474359 cannot be extracted from the summary data of LV parameters and rs2943645 cannot be extracted from the summary data of HbA1c. In addition, rs10774625 was removed because it was associated with LV end-diastolic volume at genome-wide significance level. After LD clumping at a threshold of r² < 0.001 (clumping window: 10,000 kB), 71 independent SNPs were used in the analysis