Figure 2.

Application of recent biologics for regulation of extracellular trap formation and function in severe asthma. IL-5 is essential for inducing eosinophil activation to release extracellular traps. EETs containing various molecules as well as CLCs are involved in stimulation of airway epithelium, which contributes to neutrophil recruitment or activation. NETs could damage airway epithelium and trigger EET formation related to eosinophilic inflammation. Moreover, alarmins including IL-33 and TSLP enhance production of IL-5 and IL-13 from ILC2, leading to exacerbations of airway inflammation. In each process, biologics may show a potential benefit for regulating immune responses in severe asthma.

Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; CLCs, Charcot-Leyden crystals; ILC2s, group 2 innate lymphoid cell; Th1, T helper 2 cell; Th17, T helper 17 cell.