Table 3.
Descriptive and ANOVA results for the eight dimensions of health status displayed by race distance.
| Cluster and respective Dimensions | HM | M/UM | 10 km | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Health-Related Indicators’ | ||||
| BW and BMI | ||||
| BW (kg) (median) | 65.0 (IQR 13.0) | 67.5 (IQR 17.5) | 62 (IQR 11.0) | F(2, 242) = 5.05, p = 0.007 |
| BMI (median) | 21.97 (IQR 3.28) | 22.15 (IQR 3.25) | 21.30 (IQR 3.94) | χ2(4) = 1.35, p = 0.854 |
| ≤ 18.49 | 4% (4) | 6% (4) | 8% (7) | |
| 18.50–24.99 | 85% (76) | 82% (53) | 79% (72) | |
| ≥ 25–29.99 | 10% (9) | 12% (8) | 13% (12) | |
| Mental health | χ2(2) = 5.83, p = 0.054 | |||
| Stress Perception | ||||
| Yes | 27% (23) | 42% (23) | 44% (36) | |
| No | 73% (62) | 58% (32) | 56% (46) | |
| Chronic diseases/hypersensitivity reactions | ||||
| Prevalence of Chronic Diseases | χ2(4) = 4.76, p = 0.313 | |||
| Heart Disease | – | 2% (1) | – | |
| Heart Attack | – | – | – | |
| Cancer | – | – | 1% (1) | |
| No Diseases | 100% (85) | 98% (54) | 99% (81) | |
| Prevalence of Metabolic Diseases | χ2(10) = 13.25, p = 0.210 | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus 1 | – | 4% (2) | – | |
| Diabetes Mellitus 2 | 1% (1) | – | 1% (1) | |
| Hyperthyroidism | – | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
| Hypothyroidism | 7% (6) | 7% (4) | 4% (3) | |
| Other Diseases | – | – | 2% (2) | |
| No Diseases | 92% (78) | 87% (48) | 90% (74) | |
| Prevalence of Hypersensitivity Reactions | χ2(4) = 8.90, p = 0.064 | |||
| Allergies | 22% (19) | 25% (14) | 35% (29) | |
| Intolerances | 5% (4) | 4% (2) | 11% (9) | |
| No Reactions | 73% (62) | 71% (39) | 54% (44) | |
| Medication intake (regularly) | χ2(6) = 2.64, p = 0.852 | |||
| Thyroid Disease | 7% (6) | 11% (6) | 7% (6) | |
| Hypertension | 4% (3) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
| Cholesterol Level | – | – | – | |
| Other Medication | 2% (2) | 4% (2) | 6% (5) | |
| No Medication | 87% (74) | 84% (46) | 84% (69) | |
| Contraceptives (females only) | 12% (10) | 5% (3) | 20% (16) | χ2(2) = 5.93, p = 0.051 |
| ‘Health-Related Behaviors’ | ||||
| Smoking habits | χ2(4) = 4.00, p = 0.406 | |||
| Non-Smoker | 67% (57) | 56% (31) | 52% (43) | |
| Ex-Smoker | 32% (27) | 42% (23) | 45% (37) | |
| Smoker | 1% (1) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
| Supplement intake | ||||
| Prescribed by doctor | 8% (7) | 7% (4) | 7% (6) | χ2(2) = 0.07, p = 0.968 |
| To boost your performance | χ2(4) = 3.52, p = 0.476 | |||
| Occasionally | 16% (14) | 11% (6) | 9% (7) | |
| Regularly/every day | 2% (2) | 4% (2) | 1% (1) | |
| To cope wit stress | χ2(4) = 6.66, p = 0.155 | |||
| Occasionally | 6% (5) | 7% (4) | 6% (5) | |
| Regularly/every day | 5% (4) | – | – | |
| Food Choice | ||||
| Motivation | ||||
| Because it is healthy | 74% (63) | 73% (40) | 68% (56) | χ2(2) = 0.74, p = 0.690 |
| Because it is health-promoting | 81% (69) | 82% (45) | 87% (71) | χ2(2) = 1.00, p = 0.607 |
| Because it is good for maintaining health | 88% (75) | 87% (48) | 94% (77) | χ2(2) = 2.15, p = 0.341 |
| Avoided ingredients | ||||
| Refined Sugar | 66% (56) | 58% (32) | 70% (57) | χ2(2) = 1.89, p = 0.390 |
| Sweetener | 82% (73) | 64% (35) | 82% (67) | χ2(2) = 5.63, p = 0.060 |
| Fat in General | 38% (32) | 44% (24) | 51% (42) | χ2(2) = 3.13, p = 0.210 |
| Saturated Fats | 58% (49) | 58% (32) | 61% (50) | χ2(2) = 0.21, p = 0.899 |
| Cholesterol | 42% (36) | 45% (25) | 48% (39) | χ2(2) = 0.46, p = 0.794 |
| White Flour | 60% (51) | 60% (33) | 79% (65) | χ2(2) = 8.70, p = 0.013 |
| Sweets | 62% (53) | 51% (28) | 72% (59) | χ2(2) = 6.29, p = 0.043 |
| Nibbles | 58% (59) | 53% (29) | 72% (59) | χ2(2) = 6.11, p = 0.047 |
| Alcohol | 52% (44) | 53% (29) | 60% (49) | χ2(2) = 1.22, p = 0.542 |
| Caffeine | 38% (32) | 25% (14) | 39% (32) | χ2(2) = 3.04, p = 0.219 |
| Desired ingredients | ||||
| Vitamins | 82% (70) | 80% (44) | 80% (66) | χ2(2) = 0.15, p = 0.928 |
| Minerals/trace elements | 73% (62) | 71% (39) | 73% (60) | χ2(2) = 0.10, p = 0.953 |
| Antioxidants | 54% (46) | 45% (25) | 52% (43) | χ2(2) = 1.06, p = 0.587 |
| Phytochemicals | 44% (37) | 40% (22) | 54% (44) | χ2(2) = 2.92, p = 0.232 |
| Fiber | 71% (60) | 69% (38) | 70% (57) | χ2(2) = 0.04, p = 0.980 |
| Health care utilization | ||||
| Regular check-ups or routine health checks | 62% (53) | 49% (27) | 54% (44) | χ2(2) = 2.64, p = 0.268 |
Data are presented as “percentage of prevalence (n)” or “median (IQR)”.
BMI body mass index, BW body weight, HM half-marathon, IQR interquartile range, km kilometers, M/UM marathon/ultra-marathon.