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. 2022 Jun 18;13:3508. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31249-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — In this crossover study, participants were randomly assigned to start with 2-week NaPB supplementation or placebo treatment. After a washout period of 6–8 weeks, participants switched from intervention arm such that all participants served as their own control. In each treatment arm, measurements were performed after 2 weeks treatment, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (day 14), whole-body 24 h energy metabolism and substrate oxidation (day 14), 2-step euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (day 15) and muscle biopsies (day 15) were taken. T2DM patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, NaPB sodium phenylbutyrate.