Table 2.
Experimental studies with NSAIDs encapsulated into various nanoparticles
| NSAID | Nanoparticles | Route of administration | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piroxicam | Ethyl cellulose | Oral/rat | Piroxicam-loaded ethyl cellulose nanoparticles significantly decreased (approximately 66%) gastric ulceration in rats in comparison to piroxicam suspension | [100] |
| Naproxen | PLGA | In-vitro analysis | Formulation of naproxen–PLGA nanoparticles could improve the physicochemical characteristics of the drug | [101] |
| Meloxicam | Eudragit EPO | Oral/rat | The EPO nanoparticle significantly increased anti-inflammatory activity of meloxicam (for longer duration; 6 h) in comparison to meloxicam suspension | [102] |
| Ibuprofen sodium | Gelatin | Oral/rat | Nanogelatin improved plasma half-life of ibuprofen sodium, thereby aiding reduction in the frequency of administration | [103] |
| Flurbiprofen | Cyclodextrin (CD) complexation and liposomes | Intravenous/rat | This delivery system significantly enhanced the bioavailability of flurbiprofen | [104] |
| Indomethacin | Chitosan-coated liposomes | Oral/rat | Results showed that retention in the upper part of the GI tract was better for submicronized chitosan-coated liposomes in comparison with submicron-sized liposomes, at 1, 2, and 4 h after administration, and the nanosystem was significantly better retained in the small intestine at 4 h | [105] |
| Nimesulide | Lipid | Intraplantar injection/rat | The nanoparticles offered significant pharmacological effects in comparison with free drug administration | [106] |
| Naproxen | Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) | Temporomandibular joint/rat | Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and leukocytes migration significantly decreased for more than a week by sustained delivery of naproxen directly in the temporomandibular joint | [107] |
| Flurbiprofen | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | Oral/rat | Nanoparticles improved the solubility of flurbiprofen by approximately 130,000-fold. This formulation improved bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flurbiprofen | [108] |
| Indomethacin | Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro (5.5) undecane, polymeric nanoparticle | Oral/mice | In vitro and in vivo results indicated the potential of this polymer as a matrix for bioactive produces | [109] |
EPO pH sensitive cationic polymer consisting of 1:2:1 ratio of methyl methacrylate; N_N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate monomers; GI Gastro intestinal; PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); IL-1β interleukin‐1β; TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor α