Table 1.
Factors associated with ever having had redness, tenderness and swelling at an injection site
| Total, N | Yes, n (%) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 366 | 155 (42) | |
| Age, years | |||
| <25 | 102 | 38 (37) | † |
| 25–34 | 127 | 49 (39) | |
| ⩾35 | 90 | 51 (57) | |
| Not reported | 47 | 17 (36) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0176 | ||
| Years using IPEDs | |||
| 0–4 | 131 | 50 (38) | 1·46 (0·83–2·58) |
| ⩾5 | 117 | 71 (61) | 2·92 (1·64–5·21) |
| Not reported | 118 | 34 (29) | 1·00 |
| Pearson χ2 | P < 0·0001 | ||
| Ever attended a needle or syringe programme site | |||
| Yes | 274 | 141 (51) | 5·16 (2·70–9·86) |
| No | 92 | 14 (15) | 1·00 |
| Pearson χ2 | P < 0·0001 | ||
| Taken/used any medication prescribed by a doctor in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 96 | 54 (56) | † |
| No/not sure | 270 | 101 (37) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0013 | ||
| Injected anabolic steroids in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 312 | 138 (44) | † |
| No | 54 | 17 (31) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0800 | ||
| Injected growth hormone in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 116 | 66 (57) | † |
| No | 250 | 89 (36) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0001 | ||
| Injected human chorionic gonadotropin in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 58 | 37 (64) | 2·32 (1·24–4·34) |
| No | 308 | 118 (38) | 1·00 |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0003 | ||
| Injected a less commonly used IPED* in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 18 | 12 (67) | † |
| No | 348 | 143 (41) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0323 | ||
| Intramuscular injection in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 318 | 144 (45) | † |
| No | 48 | 11 (23) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0035 | ||
| Subcutaneous injection in the preceding year | |||
| Yes | 145 | 79 (54) | † |
| No | 221 | 76 (34) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0001 | ||
| Ever shared needle, syringe or vial | |||
| Yes | 26 | 17 (65) | 3·63 (1·43–9·21) |
| No/not sure | 340 | 138 (41) | 1.00 |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0137 | ||
| Condom use in the preceding year | |||
| Not always used | 295 | 132 (45) | † |
| Always used/no sex | 71 | 23 (32) | |
| Pearson χ2 | P = 0·0586 | ||
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IPED, image- and performance-enhancing drug.
No associations were found with: having ever been in prison; having seen a General Practitioner in the preceding year about their health; having sought advice from a sexual health clinic in the preceding year; having had a blood test for hepatitis C; having had a blood test for HIV; injecting ‘melanotan I or II’ in the preceding year; snorting cocaine in the preceding year; snorting or swallowing amphetamine in the preceding year; who usually injected them during the preceding year; oral fluid sample anti-HIV test result; oral fluid sample anti-HBc test result; and oral fluid sample anti-HCV test result.
Drugs used included erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and nalbuphine hydrochloride.
Not in final model.