Table 2.

Multinomial logistic regression analysis to assess risk factors associated with GIH in hospitalized patients with PH

Factor	Adjusted odds ratio	95% Confidence interval for adjusted-OR		P value
		Lower limit	Upper limit
Age groups
18–35	R	–	–	–
36–50	1.211	1.159	1.265	P < 0.01
51–65	1.524	1.463	1.587	P < 0.01
>65	1.972	1.894	2.055	P < 0.01
Gender
Men	1.055	1.046	1.064	P < 0.01
Women	R	–	–
Race
White	R	–	–	–
Black	0.996	0.984	1.009	P = 0.549
Hispanic	1.131	1.112	1.152	P < 0.01
Asian or Pacific Islander	1.370	1.330	1.412	P < 0.01
Native American	1.177	1.111	1.248	P < 0.01
Others	1.149	1.117	1.181	P < 0.01
Long-term anticoagulation
Yes	1.127	1.112	1.141	P < 0.01
No	R
Alcohol abuse
Yes	1.996	1.953	2.036	P < 0.01
No	R	–	–	–
CHF
Yes	1.862	1.845	1.876	P < 0.01
No	R	–	–	–
Primary expected payer
Medicare	R	–	–	–
Medicaid	0.955	0.936	0.975	P < 0.01
Private Insurance	0.893	0.880	0.907	P < 0.01
Self-Pay	0.883	0.853	0.916	P < 0.01
No charge	0.698	0.627	0.778	P < 0.01
Others	0.869	0.837	0.903	P < 0.01
Hospital region
Northeast	1.007	0.993	1.021	P = 0.319
Midwest	1.045	1.030	1.059	P < 0.01
South	1.018	1.005	1.030	P < 0.01
West	R
Location and teaching status
Rural	0.902	0.888	0.916	P < 0.01
Urban non-teaching	0.972	0.963	0.981	P < 0.01
Urban teaching	R
Hospital bed-size
Small	0.955	0.942	0.968	P < 0.01
Medium	0.971	0.961	0.981	P < 0.01
Large	R

R Reference category