Table 3.
Commonly used methods for CPA detection
| Method of detection | Technique | LOD | LOQ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary electrophoresis | Capillary electrophoresis | 20 ppb | – | Prasongsidh et al. (1998) |
| Spectrophotometry | Visible spectrophotometry | 0.08 mg/kg | – | Chang-Yen and Bidasee (1990) |
| Chromatography | Thin layer chromatography | 0.3 ng | – | Matsudo and Sasaki (1995) |
| Liquid chromatography | 4 ng | – | Lansden (1984) | |
| LC/UV (PDA) | 0.01 µg/ml | 0.03 µg/ml | Saito et al. (2015) | |
| LC–MS/MS | 2.17 µg/kg | 7.15 µg/kg | Vulić et al. (2021) | |
| Solid phase micro-extraction coupled to HPLC | 3–12 ng/ml | 7-29 ng/ml | Aresta et al. (2003) | |
| HPLC–MS/MS | 0.2 µg/kg | 0.5 µg/kg | Ansari and Haeubl (2016) | |
| Immunochemical techniques | Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) | 2 µg | – | Maragos et al. (2017) |
| Immunoassay utilizing Imaging Surface plasmon resistance | 6–17 µg/kg | – | Hossain et al. (2019) |
LOD Limit of detection; LOQ Limit of Quantification