. 2022 Jun 15;15:3501–3546. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S282695

Table 1.

Major Aspects of the Lung Injury Mechanisms in Experimental Models

Lung Injury Mechanisms	Experimental Models
	VILI	Sepsis	I/R	Smoke	Acid	Radiation	TRALI	Influenza	S. pneumoniae	Coronavirus
Oxidative Stress	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^26–35	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^94–101	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^130–139	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^167–172	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^189–191	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^206–210	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production²²⁷^,²²⁸	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^239–250	Increased NADPH oxidases Increased ROS production^284–286	-
NETs	Increased NET formation³⁸^,^42–46	Increased NET formation^102–105	Increased NET formation¹⁴⁰^,¹⁴¹	Increased NET formation¹⁷³^,¹⁷⁴	Increased NET formation¹⁹²	-	Increased NET formation²²⁴^,^229–231	Increased NET formation^251–254	Increased NET formation^287–291	Increased NET formation³⁰⁹^,³¹⁰
MAPK Pathways	Activated MAPK pathways^51–56	Activated MAPK pathways⁵⁶^,^106–109	Activated MAPK pathways^142–147	Activated MAPK pathways^175–179	Activated MAPK pathways¹⁹³^,¹⁹⁴	Activated MAPK pathways^211–213	-	Activated MAPK pathways²⁴³^,²⁴⁴^,²⁴⁹^,^255–269	Activated MAPK pathways^292–297	Activated MAPK pathways^311–315
Surfactant	Surfactant impairment^62–66	Surfactant impairment^110–113	Surfactant impairment^148–154	Surfactant impairment^180–184	Surfactant impairment^195–198	Surfactant impairment^214–216	-	Surfactant impairment^270–274	Surfactant impairment^298–301	Surfactant impairment^316–318
Ion & Water Transport	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels⁷²^,^77–84	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels⁷²^,^114–125	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels¹²⁵^,¹⁴³^,¹⁴⁴^,^155–159	Altered function of ion channels¹⁸⁵	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels⁷²^,^199–202	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels^217–219	Impaired permeability^232–234	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels²⁶¹^,^275–277	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels³⁰⁰^,^302–304	Altered expression and function of AQPS & ion channels^319–321

Note: Superscirpt numbers represent the cited references.

Abbreviations: AQPs, aquaporins; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S. pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae; TRALI, transfusion-related acute lung injury; VILI, ventilator-induced lung injury.