Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of four categories at baseline.
| Total | Robust | MI | CI | PCDS | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 531 | 206 | 75 | 154 | 96 | |
| Sex, Female, n (%) | 246 (46%) | 91 (44%) | 35 (47%) | 68 (44%) | 52 (54%) | 0.385 |
| Age, year | 64.38 ± 8.57 | 62.51 ± 8.06 | 63.18 ± 8.52 | 65.94 ± 8.55b | 66.81 ± 8.78ce | 0.001 |
| Education, year | 5.88 ± 4.72 | 6.84 ± 4.88 | 5.89 ± 4.82 | 5.69 ± 4.40 | 4.09 ± 4.29cf | 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.79 ± 11.03 | 63.88 ± 11.31 | 61.56 ± 10.39 | 63.46 ± 10.02 | 60.36 ± 12.08c | 0.042 |
| Height, cm | 159.03 ± 8.00 | 160.50 ± 8.29 | 157.56 ± 7.72a | 159.72 ± 7.10 | 155.91 ± 7.97cf | 0.001 |
| Physical function assessments | ||||||
| Walking- speed, m/s | 1.49 ± 0.44 | 1.65 ± 0.41 | 1.25 ± 0.39a | 1.56 ± 0.43d | 1.21 ± 0.35cf | 0.001 |
| Grip- strength, KGs | 29.44 ± 9.41 | 32.90 ± 8.96 | 26.07 ± 9.38a | 30.31 ± 7.84bd | 23.25 ± 8.88cf | 0.001 |
| Cognitive function assessments | ||||||
| CVVLT | ||||||
| Score | 6.79 ± 2.14 | 7.70 ± 1.18 | 7.64 ± 1.19 | 6.04 ± 2.39bd | 5.38 ± 2.64cef | 0.001 |
| Impairment, n (%) | 91 (17.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 54 (35.1%) | 37 (38.5%) | 0.001 |
| BNT | ||||||
| Score | 9.51 ± 2.93 | 10.92 ± 2.38 | 10.21 ± 2.05 | 8.50 ± 2.95bd | 7.56 ± 2.88cef | 0.001 |
| Impairment, n (%) | 93 (17.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 53 (34.4%) | 40 (41.7%) | |
| VFT | ||||||
| Score | 14.81 ± 4.66 | 16.65 ± 4.50 | 15.68 ± 4.08 | 13.24 ± 4.39bd | 12.70 ± 4.16ce | 0.001 |
| Impairment, n (%) | 54 (10.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 38 (24.7%) | 16 (16.7%) | 0.001 |
| CFT | ||||||
| Score | 30.86 ± 5.95 | 33.01 ± 3.43 | 31.88 ± 4.41 | 29.69 ± 6.25bd | 27.33 ± 8.28cef | 0.001 |
| Impairment, n (%) | 43 (8.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (18.2%) | 15 (15.6%) | 0.001 |
| CDT | ||||||
| Score | 7.28 ± 2.59 | 8.54 ± 1.58 | 8.07 ± 1.76 | 6.49 ± 2.72bd | 5.25 ± 2.96cef | 0.001 |
| Impairment, n (%) | 112 (21.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 63 (40.9%) | 49 (51.0%) | 0.001 |
| MMSE Score | 26.15 ± 3.44 | 27.29 ± 2.65 | 27.12 ± 2.40 | 25.71 ± 3.42bd | 23.63 ± 4.16cef | 0.001 |
| Muscle mass index | ||||||
| ASM | 18.22 ± 4.07 | 18.84 ± 4.32 | 17.40 ± 3.96a | 18.47 ± 3.76 | 17.14 ± 3.83c | 0.002 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| HTN | 41% | 39% | 44% | 40% | 45% | 0.732 |
| DM | 17% | 18% | 21% | 16% | 16% | 0.710 |
| HLD | 11% | 12% | 12% | 9% | 14% | 0.131 |
| CAD | 4% | 2% | 1% | 7% | 3% | 0.133 |
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; BNT, Boston Naming Test; CAD, cardiovascular disease; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; CFT, Taylor Complex Figure Test; CI, cognitive impairment; CVVLT, Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test; DM, diabetes mellitus; HLD, hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension; MI, mobility impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PCDS, physio-cognitive decline syndrome; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test.
Data showed mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Significant after post hoc analyses between groups. a: significance between MI and robust group; b: significance between CI and robust group; c: significance between PCDS and robust group; d: significance between MI and CI; e: significance between MI and PCDS; f: significance between CI and PCDS.
Chi-squared test for dichotomous variables and ANOVA for continuous variables, significantly (p < 0.05).