Table 1.
Examples of reported predictors of HDP
| Predictors | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unmodifiable | |||
| Pregnancy with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer | ↑ | [64] | |
| Twin pregnancy | ↑ | [69, 70] | |
| Laboratory measurements that can be changed by lifestyle and other factors. | |||
| HbA1c in early pregnancy | ↑ | [57] | |
| Lower sodium intake before pregnancy | ↑ | [58] | |
| Higher sodium intake before pregnancy | ↑ | [58] | |
| Other laboratory measurements | |||
| Elevated IgE Level during the first trimester | ↑ | [59] | |
| Lifestyle and preferences | |||
| Higher caffeine intake | ↑ | [60] | |
| Higher coffee intake | ↓ | [60] | |
| Working ≥36 h per week with night shifts | ↑ | [61] | |
| Smoking | ↑ | [62] | |
| Alcohol consumption | ↑ | [63] | |
| Calcium intake (in Japan) | → | [65] | |
| Low sleep quality | ↑ | [67] | |
| High-altitude residence | ↑ | [71, 72] | |
HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy