Table 2.
Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction.
| Region/Country | References | Study design | Sample size | Prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | ||||
| Italy, Belgium, France | Lechien et al. (16) | Multicenter study | 417 | 88 |
| Multicenter | Lechien et al. (65) | Cross sectional study | 1,420 | 54.2 |
| Multicenter | Lechien et al. (66) | Cross sectional study | 2,013 | 56.4 |
| Italy | Vaira et al. (14) | Prospective study | 138 | 65.9 |
| Italy | Vaira et al. (15) | Prospective study | 106 | 65.6 |
| Italy | Vaira et al. (67) | Multicenter cohort study | 345 | 67.8 |
| Italy | Barillari et al. (68) | Observational study | 249 | 59.2 |
| Northern Italy | Paderno et al. (69) | Prospective cohort study | 151 | 89.4 |
| Italy | Paderno et al. (70) | Cross sectional study | 508 | 63 |
| Italy | Paolo et al. (71) | Prospective study | 75 | 100 |
| Spain | Beltrán-Corbellini et al. (22) | Case- control study | 119 | 90.3 |
| Spain | Martin-Sanz et al. (23) | Prospective study | 355 | 53 |
| Spain | Villarreal et al. (24) | Observational study | 256 | 70 |
| Spain | Izquierdo-Domínguez et al. (72) | Multicenter cross sectional study | 846 | 52.2 |
| Turkey | Sakalli et al. (25) | Cross sectional study | 172 | 47.1 |
| Turkey | Salepci et al. (26) | Cross sectional study | 223 | 34.5 |
| Turkey | Özçelik Korkmaz et al. (27) | Prospective observational cohort study | 116 | 41.3 |
| France | Tudrej et al. (21) | Cross sectional study | 816 | 23 |
| France | Renaud et al. (73) | Retrospective cross sectional study | 97 | 35.1 |
| Poland | Sierpiński et al. (28) | Cross sectional study | 1,942 | 47.5 |
| Switzerland | Speth et al. (29) | Prospective cross-sectional study | 103 | 65 |
| UK | Makaronidis et al. (19) | Observational cohort study | 567 | 90.2 |
| Belgium | Le Bon et al. (74) | Prospective cohort study | 72 | 7 |
| Faroe Island | Petersen et al. (75) | Cross sectional study | 180 | 40.6 |
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in Europe | Mean - 58.60% | |||
| Americas | ||||
| USA | Yan et al. (30) | Cross sectional study | 1,480 | 71 |
| USA | Dawson et al. (31) | Household study | 90 | 57 |
| USA | Kempker et al. (32) | Screening | 283 | 53 |
| USA | Smith et al. (33) | Retrospective cohort | 240 | 34.2 |
| USA | Laws et al. (34) | Cohort study | 188 | 21 |
| Canada | Lee et al. (35) | Cross sectional study | 127 | 46.4 |
| Brazil | Brandão Neto et al. (36) | Prospective survey | 655 | 76.2 |
| Latin America | Chiesa-Estomba et al. (37) | Cross sectional study | 542 | 61.4 |
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in Americas | Mean - 52.53% | |||
| Middle East | ||||
| Qatar | Al-Ani and Acharya (42) | Retrospective study | 141 | 19.8 |
| Iran | Jalessi et al. (76) | Prospective descriptive study | 92 | 16.3 |
| Iran | Moein et al. (39) | Case control study | 120 | 24 |
| Israel | Biadsee et al. (43) | Case series study | 128 | 32.8 |
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in the Middle East | Mean - 23.23% | |||
| Asia | ||||
| Hong Kong | Cho et al. (77) | Prospective cross sectional cohort study | 143 | 43.4 |
| China | Lv et al. (78) | Retrospective cross sectional study | 196 | 11.73 |
| Japan | Nakanishi et al. (79) | Retrospective study | 160 | 56.3 |
| India | Jain et al. (44) | Cross sectional study | 410 | 22.4 |
| India | Bidkar et al. (46) | Cross sectional study | 836 | 84.2 |
| India | Panda et al. (47) | Prospective cohort study | 225 | 17.3 |
| India | Rajkumar et al. (45) | Cross sectional study | 230 | 10.9 |
| India | Yadav et al. (50) | Prospective observational study | 152 | 13.15 |
| Pakistan | Makda et al. (80) | Cross sectional study | 114 | 7.8 |
| Singapore | Tham et al. (52) | Retrospective cross sectional study | 1,065 | 8.5 |
| Malaysia | Ramasamy et al. (81) | Cross sectional study | 145 | 23.4 |
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in Asia | Mean - 27.19% | |||
| Africa | ||||
| Tunisia | Kacem et al. (57) | Retrospective observational study | 646 | 36.8 |
| Nigeria | Elimian et al. (58) | Retrospective cohort study | 10,517 | 1.2 |
| Somalia | Farah Yusuf Mohamud et al. (59) | Retrospective study | 60 | 28.3 |
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in Africa | Mean - 22.10% | |||
| Prevalence of gustatory dysfunction (Europe, Americas, Middle East, Asia and Africa) | Pooled Mean - 45.70%, 95% CI (38.33, 53.06) | |||