Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants by maternal place of birth
| Characteristic | NHB women n = 2697 |
P | NHW women n = 996 |
P | Hispanic women n = 2395 |
P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US-born n = 1605 | Foreign-born n = 1092 | US-born n = 776 | Foreign-born n = 220 | US-born n = 555 | Foreign-born n = 1840 | ||||
| Maternal demographics and obstetrical characteristics | |||||||||
| Maternal age, y, mean (SD) | 25.8 (6.2) | 29.5 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 28.1 (5.8) | 29.4 (5.6) | 0.0039 | 24.7 (6.1) | 27.9 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Parity | 0.066 | 0.004 | 0.07 | ||||||
| 0 | 686 (42.7) | 436 (40.0) | 384 (49.5) | 125 (56.8) | 249 (44.9) | 736 (40.0) | |||
| 1 | 428 (26.7) | 336 (30.8) | 218 (28.1) | 68 (31.0) | 140 (25.2) | 544 (29.6) | |||
| 2+ | 491 (30.6) | 320 (29.3) | 174 (22.4) | 27 (12.3) | 166 (29.9) | 560 (30.4) | |||
| Preeclampsia | < 0.016 | 0.925 | 0.382 | ||||||
| No | 1409 (87.8) | 991 (90.8) | 721 (92.9) | 204 (92.8) | 511 (92.1) | 1672 (90.9) | |||
| Yes | 196 (12.2) | 101 (9.3) | 55 (7.1) | 16 (7.3) | 44 (7.9) | 168 (9.1) | |||
| Social and environmental factors | |||||||||
| General stress | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Mild | 413 (25.7) | 434 (39.7) | 111 (14.3) | 80 (36.4) | 172 (31.0) | 1010 (54.9) | |||
| Moderate | 949 (59.1) | 528 (48.4) | 494 (63.7) | 111 (50.5) | 303 (54.6) | 733 (39.8) | |||
| Severe | 230 (14.3) | 120 (11.0) | 164 (21.1) | 26 (11.8) | 76 (13.7) | 85 (4.6) | |||
| Missing | 13 (0.8) | 10 (0.9) | 7 (0.9) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | |||
| Educational level | < 0.001 | 0.014 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Secondary or lower | 433 (27.0) | 207 (19.0) | 155 (20.0) | 28 (12.7) | 255 (46.0) | 1009 (54.8) | |||
| High school graduate | 631 (39.3) | 377 (34.5) | 279 (36.0) | 77 (35.0) | 156 (28.1) | 490 (26.6) | |||
| College /higher | 509 (31.7) | 485 (44.4) | 323 (41.6) | 113 (51.4) | 130 (23.4) | 316 (17.2) | |||
| Missing | 32 (2.0) | 23 (2.1) | 19 (2.5) | 2 (0.9) | 14 (2.5) | 25 (1.4) | |||
| Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Married | 177 (11.0) | 480 (44.0) | 218 (28.1) | 137 (62.3) | 93 (16.8) | 615 (33) | |||
| Single | 1384 (86.2) | 558 (51.1) | 516 (66.5) | 69 (31.4) | 436 (78.6) | 1141 (62) | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 26 (1.6) | 32 (2.9) | 30 (3.9) | 8 (3.6) | 18 (18.2) | 54 (2.9) | |||
| Missing | 18 (1.1) | 22 (2.0) | 12 (1.6) | 6 (2.7) | 8 (1.4) | 30 (1.6) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease risk factors | |||||||||
| Chronic hypertension | 0.400 | 0.925 | 0.972 | ||||||
| No | 1475 (91.9) | 1006 (92.1) | 749 (96.7) | 214 (97.3) | 538 (97.0) | 1777 (96.6) | |||
| Yes | 125 (7.8) | 79 (7.2) | 23 (3.0) | 5 (2.3) | 14 (2.5) | 51 (2.8) | |||
| Missing | 5 (0.3) | 7 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | 12 (0.7) | |||
| Chronic diabetes | 0.585 | 0.573 | 0.002 | ||||||
| No | 1538 (95.8) | 1051 (96.3) | 741 (95.5) | 212 (96.4) | 530 (95.5) | 1801 (97.9) | |||
| Yes | 67 (4.2) | 41 (3.8) | 35 (4.5) | 8 (3.6) | 25 (4.5) | 39 (2.1) | |||
| Gestational diabetes | 0.007 | 0.846 | 0.732 | ||||||
| No | 1527 (95.1) | 1012 (92.7) | 731 (94.25) | 208 (94.6) | 519 (93.5) | 1728 (93.9) | |||
| Yes | 78 (4.86) | 80 (7.3) | 45 (5.8) | 12 (5.5) | 36 (6.5) | 112 (6.1) | |||
| Smoking in pregnancy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1268 (79) | 1029 (94.2) | 393 (50.6) | 177 (80.5) | 456 (82.1) | 1792 (97.4) | |||
| Yes | 330 (20.6) | 53 (4.9) | 382 (49.2) | 42 (19.1) | 98 (17.7) | 30 (1.6) | |||
| Missing | 7 (0.4) | 10 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 18 (1.0) | |||
| Body mass index | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < 25 | 694 (43.2) | 482 (44.1) | 445 (57.4) | 135 (61.4) | 266 (47.9) | 887 (48.2) | |||
| 25–29.9 | 417 (26.0) | 327 (30.0) | 180 (23.2) | 52 (23.6) | 137 (24.7) | 487 (26.5) | |||
| ≥ 30 | 443 (27.6) | 214 (20.0) | 132 (17.0) | 20 (9.1) | 132 (23.8) | 248 (13.5) | |||
| Missing | 51 (3.8) | 69 (6.3) | 19 (2.5) | 13 (5.9) | 20 (3.6) | 218 (11.9) | |||
Values are n (%), unless otherwise indicated. Boldface indicates significance.
SD, standard deviation.