Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients (n = 24).
| Variables | Sequence |
Total (n = 24) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine, then placebo (n = 12) | Placebo, then thiamine (n = 12) | ||
| Age, y | 72.6 (± 7.0) | 74.1 (± 8.0) | 73.4 (± 7.4) |
| Sex, female | 5 (41.7) | 2 (16.7) | 7 (29.2) |
| NYHA class | |||
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 2 | 9 (75.0) | 9 (75.0) | 18 (75.0) |
| 3 | 3 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | 6 (25.0) |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hospitalizations in past 12 months | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 12 (50.0) |
| Emergency room visits in past 12 months | 2 (16.7) | 6 (50.0) | 8 (33.3) |
| Ischaemic heart failure | 9 (75.0) | 7 (58.3) | 16 (66.7) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 5 (41.7) | 4 (33.3) | 9 (37.5) |
| Hypertension | 6 (50.0) | 9 (75.0) | 15 (62.5) |
| Dyslipidemia | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 12 (50.0) |
| Smoking history | 7 (58.3) | 6 (50.0) | 13 (54.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) | 13 (54.2) |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cognitive impairment | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) |
| KCCQ overall score | 54.5 (± 20.0) | 58.3 (± 22.8) | 56.4 (± 21.1) |
| KCCQ clinical score | 57.2 (± 22.9) | 66.2 (± 20.3) | 61.7 (± 21.6) |
| Systolic blood pressure | 106.7 (± 16.1) | 114.5 (± 13.9) | 110.6 (± 15.3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 66.4 (± 9.0) | 69.5 (± 9.7) | 67.9 (± 9.3) |
| BMI | 33.2 (± 7.6) | 33.0 (± 7.7) | 33.1 (± 7.4) |
| NT-proBNP, mg/L, median (IQR) | 4664 (144, 26,861) | 2744 (406, 17,945) | 3898 (144, 26,861) |
| Erythrocyte TPP, nmol/L | 186.3 (±45.5) | 169.0 (±30.7) | 177.6 (±39.0) |
| Medications | |||
| ACEi/ARB/ARNI | 8 (66.7) | 11 (91.7) | 19 (79.2) |
| β-blocker | 12 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | 24 (100.0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | 12 (50.0) |
| Nitrate | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) | 2 (8.3) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) |
| Thiazide | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) |
| Loop diuretic | 11 (91.7) | 8 (66.7) | 19 (79.2) |
| Hydralazine | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) |
| Digoxin | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) |
| Amiodarone | 3 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | 6 (25.0) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 3 (25.0) | 2 (16.7) | 5 (20.8) |
| Anticoagulation | 7 (58.3) | 9 (75.0) | 16 (66.7) |
| Multivitamins | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 3 (12.5) |
| Echography | |||
| LVEF, % | 34.2 (±8.1) | 31.9 (±12.8) | 33.1 (±10.5) |
| Peak GLS, % | –7.7 (±3.6) | –8.6 (±2.3) | –8.1 (±3.1) |
Values are n (%), or mean (±standard deviation), unless otherwise indicated. Patients were randomized to starting with thiamine or placebo during the first study phase.
ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; GLS, global longitudinal strain; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, eft ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate.