Table 4.

Methodological quality of the included publications (N=24) via the effective public health practice project quality assessment tool

Publication	Selection bias	Design	Confounders*	Blinding*	Data collection methods	Withdrawals and drop-outs†	Global rating
Andrade et al 201063	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	N/A‡	MODERATE
Annadurai et al 202150	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Back et al 200764	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Baile et al 199953	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	WEAK	STRONG	WEAK
Bickell et al 202049	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Brown et al 201052	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	WEAK	N/A‡	WEAK
Butow et al 200854	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	WEAK	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Bylund et al 200965	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE
Cannone et al 201966	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Delvaux et al 200548	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Epstein et al 201755	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Fujimori et al 200351	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	WEAK	STRONG	MODERATE
Fujimori et al 201456	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Goelz et al 201157	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Gorniewicz et al 201758	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Henselmans et al 201959	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Hulsman et al 200267	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE
Lenzi et al 201168	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	WEAK	STRONG	WEAK
Liénard et al 201060	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Malhotra et al 201961	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	WEAK	STRONG	WEAK
Razavi et al 200347	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE	STRONG	MODERATE
Tulsky et al 201162	WEAK	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Yakhforoshha et al 201869	WEAK	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	STRONG	MODERATE
Yamada et al 201870	STRONG	MODERATE	N/A	N/A	STRONG	MODERATE	MODERATE

*For studies with only one group confounders and blinding was set N/A.

†For studies with only one measurement time point withdrawals and drop-outs was set N/A.

‡No drop-outs possible, as the second measurement point was at the end of the intervention and at the same day as the first measurement point.

N/A, not available; RCT, randomised controlled trial.