TABLE 1.
Bioactive compounds derived from oyster shell and their biological applications.
| Species | Application | Bioactive compound | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oyster | Antimicrobial activity | Calcined shell powder | Suppressing the growth of Escherichia coli | Oikawa et al. (2000) |
| Oyster | 0.05% of Shell powder | Improving the quality of kimchi by reducing the growth of aerobic bacteria and increasing lactic bacteria | Choi et al. (2006) | |
| Oyster | 0.05–0.2% of shell powder | Reducing he micobial number and increase the self life of tofu | Kim et al. (2007) | |
| Oyster | Shell powder additives | Reducing the microbial number and prolonged the and quality of Gat kimchi | Jung et al. (2010) | |
| Oyster | Heat trated calcined oyster shell (CaO) and non-calined oyster shell | Calcined shellpowder showed biocidal activity against the Physalospora piricola and Rhizoctonia solani and non-calcine shell powder showed antifungal activity | Xing et al. (2013) | |
| Oyster | Calcined shell powder | Inhibited the microbial growth and increased the self life of pork ham | Choi et al. (2014) | |
| Oyster | Calcined shell powder | Inhibited the food borne disease microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus), | Chen et al. (2015) | |
| Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus vulgaris) | ||||
| Oyster | Propylene film with calcined shell powder | Enhanced antimicrobial efficiency without cytotoxicity | Tsou et al. (2019) | |
| Oyster | Anti-inflammatory activity | Oyster shell extract | Suppressed the NO production, decreased the expression of the oyster iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB and inhibites the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells | Lee et al. (2013) |
| Oyster | Bone tissue bioengineering | Nacre as bone graft sustituion | Narce binds directely with newly formed bone without any fiborous tissue formation | Atlan et al. (1999) |
| Oyster | Molecules of nacre | Activates the osteogenesis in bone marrow cells | Lamghari et al. (1999) | |
| Crassostrea gigas | Water soluble matrix protein (WSMP) | Identified protein with osteogenic activity which are responsible for the bone remodelling and biocompatibility | Oliveira et al. (2012) | |
| Oyster | Nacre powder | osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Flausse et al. (2013) | |
| Oyster | Nacre particle and its soluble protein matrix | Induce the differentation in human bone cells (osteoinductive capacity) | Green et al. (2015) | |
| Crassostrea gigas | Anti-osteooresis activity | WSMP | Promote the osteogenesis and inhibits osteoclast absorption | Feng et al. (2021) |
| Oyster | Anti-fibrotic activity | Shell extract | Enhances the catabolic pathway of human dermal fibroblasts | |
| Oyster | Lipogenesis inhibition | Oyster shell extract | lipid-lowering effect via inhibition of lipogenesis and diminished the cellular triglyceride level | Khoi et al., 2015 |
| Oyster | Environmental application | Oyster shell | Used to remove pollutants, organics, neurotoxin and nitrogen | Bonnard. 2021 |
| Oyster | Environmental application | Oyster shell powder | Mitigate the harmful algal bloom by reducing phosphate, nitrogen and COD | Huh et al. (2016) |