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. 2022 Jun 20;19:160. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02518-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Apelin and ML221 promoted differentiation of NSCs. A Expression of Apelin (green) in NSCs (scale bar = 120 µm). B Differentiated cell types were identified by expression of specific markers via immunofluorescence of GFAP (astrocytes, red) and NF200 (neurons, green) under different dose of Apelin and ML221 (scale bar = 120 µm). C A statistic summary of NeuN+ and GFAP+ cells proportions (***p < 0.001 NF200 vs. control group, ^###p < 0.001 GFAP vs. control group, mean ± SD). D, E RT-PCR results indicating different types of cells differentiated from NSCs following induction by Apelin and ML221. Primers for two targets were used: GFAP (astrocytes) and β-III-tubulin (neurons); a specific primer for GAPDH was also included in reactions (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control group, mean ± SD)