Table 1.
Overview of published and ongoing National Burden of COVID-19 studies, methodological characteristics, and main results published between January 2020 and December 2021.
| Country | Period of analysis | Estimation of total symptomatic infected | Reference life expectancy table | Data source for mortality due to COVID-19 | Long-COVID included | DALY/100,000 | % YLD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australiaa | 1 Jan−31 Dec 2020 | No (notified positives only) | GBD-2010 | National death registrations (Australian Bureau of Statistics data) | Yes, estimated | 32.7 | 3.5% | (28) |
| Belgium | Mar 2020–31 Dec 2021 | Yes (SEIR modeling) | GBD-2019 | Sciensano COVID-19 mortality registry (confirmed +suspected) | Yes | N/A | N/A | Ongoing |
| Cyprus | 9 March 2020–8 March 2021 | No (notified positives only) | GBD-2019 | Health Monitoring Unit (Cyprus Ministry of Health) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Ongoing |
| Denmark | 28 Feb 2020–28 Feb 2021 | Yes (based on survey of the population) | GBD-2019 | Death registry | No | 520 | 1.6% | Under review |
| France | Yes (notified positive cases only) | GBD-2019 | National mortality database, i.e., CépiDC (included both confirmed +suspected) | Yes, limited | N/A | N/A | Ongoing | |
| Germany | 1 Jan−31 Dec 2020 | No (notified positives only) | Germany 2016/2018 | Notifiable cases of COVID-19 | No | 368 | 0.7% | (33) |
| Ireland | Notified positives with estimation of asymptomatic cases | GBD-2019 | Central Statistics Office, Ireland. | Yes, estimated | 1,033 | 1.3% | Under review | |
| Malta | 7 Mar 2020–31 Mar 2021 | Yes (notified positives adjusted for under ascertainment) | GBD-2019 | Daily COVID-19 bulletins issued by Malta Ministry of Health | Yes, limited | 1,086c | 5% | (27) |
| Netherlands | 1 Jan−31 Dec 2020 | Yes (evidence synthesis)b | GBD-2019 | Statistics Netherlands registered (confirmed +suspected) | No | 1,570 | 1% | Under review |
| Scotland (29) | 1 Jan−31 Dec 2020 | Yes (SEIR modeling) | GBD-2019 | Death registry (confirmed only or confirmed +suspected) | Yes, limited | 1,770–1,980 | 2% | (29) |
| Sweden | Mar 2020–Dec 2021 | No (notified positive cases only) | GBD-2019 | Cause of death register, The National Board of Health and Welfare | Yes, based on national data | N/A | N/A | Ongoing |
The Australian Burden of Disease Study liaised with burden-eu's Burden of COVID-19 Task Force to ensure methodological harmonization.
For the Netherlands, “symptomatic” is defined using the ECDC case definition, and total symptomatic infected is estimated by synthesizing evidence from a population-level seroprevalence survey, notified cases, and age-group specific estimates of case-ascertainment and the proportion of infections that are symptomatic.
Calculated from the reported estimate of 5,478 DALY and a population size of 505,200 (World Bank estimate for 2019).
DALY, disability adjusted life year; YLD, years lost due to disability; GBD, global Burden of disease; SEIR, susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed.