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. 2022 Jun 20;24:42. doi: 10.1186/s13058-022-01535-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Preventing OVX-induced weight gain improves mammary tumor outcomes in lean and obese rats. A Study design diagram depicting times at which rats were given high-fat diet (HFD), N-methyl, N-nitrosourea (MNU), and randomized to ad libitum (Ad Lib) feeding or weight maintenance (WM) intervention. B Body mass of lean and obese rats prior to OVX. Data are mean ± SEM. C Body composition of lean and obese rats at OVX, measured by qMR. Unpaired t test, p < 0.001. D–F Blood was collected from fasted rats at OVX and glucose (D) and insulin (E) were measured and used to calculate HOMA-IR (F). Filled circles (●) indicate rats assigned to AdLib, open squares (□) indicate rats assigned to WM. Unpaired t test, p < 0.05. G Body mass of lean and obese AdLib (AL ●) or WM (□) rats beginning at OVX and continuing for the 8-week intervention. H Body fat percent of lean and obese AdLib and WM rats measured by qMR at 0-, 4-, and 8-weeks post-OVX. I Kaplan–Meier survival curve showing the time to progression of existing tumors at OVX in lean and obese AdLib or WM rats. Log rank p = 0.02. J Percent of tumors that were existing at OVX and progressed (red) or regressed (dark gray), or that were new after OVX (light gray). K–L (K) Body mass and (L) tumor burden of UCD12 patient-derived xenograft tumors in OVX AdLib or WM Rag1-null mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet measured before and 3 weeks after estrogen withdrawal; * = p < 0.05