TABLE 4.

Subgroup analyses of berberine on FBG and escape latency.

outcome	subgroup		No. studies	SMD [95% CI]	I 2	Heterogeneity
FBG	Year	Before 2015	6	−2.48 [−3.16, −1.79]	22.3%	0.266
		After 2015	8	−2.30 [−3.38, −1.22]	80.9%	<0.001
	Animal species	Rats	11	−2.75 [−3.66, −1.86]	76.0%	<0.001
		Mice	3	−1.39 [−2.09, −0.69]	0	0.933
	STZ (mg/kg)	≤40	6	−3.57 [−4.64, −2.49]	57.4%	0.039
		>40	7	−1.70 [−2.43, −0.98]	57.0%	0.030
	Berberine dose (mg/kg)	≤100	8	−2.16 [−3.14, −1.19]	76.8%	<0.001
		>100	6	−2.74 [−3.70, −1.78]	57.9%	0.037
	Duration (week)	≤8	8	−1.94 [−2.77, −1.12]	65.9%	0.004
		>8	6	−3.02 [−4.19, −1.86]	73.2%	0.002
Escape latency	Year	Before 2015	2	−4.32 [−7.06, −1.59]	63.3%	0.099
		After 2015	10	−2.31 [−3.21, −1.41]	78.1%	<0.001
	Animal species	Rats	7	−3.05 [−4.06, −2.03]	66.7%	0.008
		Mice	5	−1.87 [−3.20, −0.55]	79.8%	0.006
	STZ (mg/kg)	≤40	6	−3.04 [−4.33, −1.76]	77.4%	0.001
		>40	4	−3.25 [−5.12, −1.39]	77.1%	0.004
	Berberine dose (mg/kg)	≤100	7	−2.20 [−3.25, −1.14]	76.5%	<0.00
		>100	5	−3.22 [−4.95, −1.50]	82.7%	<0.001
	Duration (week)	≤8	7	−3.25 [−4.65, −1.84]	80.3%	<0.001
		>8	5	−1.94 [−3.12, −0.75]	78.6%	0.001