TABLE 1.
Maternal characteristics in early pregnancy*
| Metabolic health status |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 22) | MHO (n = 13) | MUO (n = 9) | p value | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.2 ± 1.0 | 34.6 ± 1.3 | 36.0 ± 1.7 | 0.51† |
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| Body weight (kg) | 94.1 ± 3.1 | 92.8 ± 4.4 | 96.0 ± 4.6 | 0.63† |
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| Height (cm) | 163.8 ± 1.9 | 163.8 ± 2.2 | 163.9 ± 3.5 | 0.95† |
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| Age (y) | 28.3 ± 1.0 | 27.6 ± 1.4 | 29.3 ± 1.4 | 0.42† |
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| Race (n, %) | ||||
| White | 14 (63.6%) | 8 (61.5%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.89# |
| Black or African American | 6 (27.3%) | 4 (30.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| Other | 2 (9.1%) | 1 (7.7%) | 1 (11.1%) | |
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| Gestational age (wk, d) | 14,5 ± 0,1 | 14,5 ± 0,1 | 14,5 ± 0,1 | 0.83† |
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| Parity (n, %) | 0.64# | |||
| 0 | 10 (45.5%) | 6 (46.2%) | 4 (44.4%) | |
| ≥1 | 12 (54.5%) | 7 (57.4%) | 5 (55.6%) | |
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| SBP (mm Hg) | 102 ± 2 | 101 ± 2 | 102 ± 3 | 0.85† |
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| DBP (mm Hg) | 60 ± 1 | 60 ± 2 | 62 ± 2 | 0.50† |
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| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.5 ± 1.8 | 87.7 ± 1.3 | 96.9 ± 3.3 | 0.03† |
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| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 115.4 ± 11.1 | 90.6 ± 7.7 | 151.2 ± 19.7 | 0.004† |
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| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.2 ± 7.1 | 163.8 ± 3.7 | 189.2 ± 15.8 | 0.08† |
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| LDL (mg/dL) | 90.5 ± 5.2 | 82.3 ± 3.0 | 102.3 ± 11.0 | 0.11† |
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| HDL (mg/dL) | 60.6 ± 1.9 | 63.3 ± 1.5 | 56.7 ± 3.9 | 0.09† |
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| Fat mass (kg) | 42.4 ± 2.0 | 41.6 ± 2.9 | 43.6 ± 2.7 | 0.62† |
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| Fat mass percentage (%) | 44.8 ± 0.8 | 44.4 ± 1.0 | 45.4 ± 1.4 | 0.56† |
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| VAT (kg) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.07† |
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| Sleep RQ (AU) | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.005† |
Abbreviations: AU, arbitrary units; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; RQ, respiratory quotient; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
#
χ2 analysis.
†
Independent samples t test.
*
Early pregnancy assessments occurred between 13 and 16 weeks’ gestation. Data are presented as mean ± SEM unless otherwise noted.