Table 5.
Factors associated with ever had a Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)/ Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
| Ever had a FOBT/FIT | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 739) | Yes (n = 578) | ORU | p-value | ORA (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Predisposing factors | ||||||
| Age (years)† | 63.8 (7.7) | 66.1 (6.0) | 1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.07–1.67) | 0.010 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 328 (61.8%) | 203 (38.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Female | 411 (52.3%) | 375 (47.7%) | 1.47 | 0.001 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married (ref) | 53 (52.0%) | 49 (48.0%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Previously married | 77 (64.2%) | 43 (35.8%) | 0.60 | 0.067 | ||
| Married | 609 (55.6%) | 486 (44.4%) | 0.86 | 0.478 | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| No formal education / primary (ref) | 266 (56.0%) | 209 (44.0%) | 1 | NE | ||
| Secondary | 341 (57.0%) | 257 (43.0%) | 0.96 | 0.737 | ||
| Post-secondary | 71 (55.0%) | 58 (45.0%) | 1.04 | 0.845 | ||
| University | 61 (53.0%) | 54 (47.0%) | 1.13 | 0.567 | ||
| Have a part-time/full-time job | ||||||
| No (ref) | 476 (51.1%) | 455 (48.9%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 263 (68.1%) | 123 (31.9%) | 0.49 | < 0.001 | ||
| Health-related beliefs | ||||||
| Perceived risk† | 2.37 (0.80) | 2.44 (0.84) | 1.10 | 0.168 | NR | |
| Perceived severity† | 2.37 (0.69) | 2.47 (0.63) | 1.25 | 0.009 | 1.50 (1.15–1.96) | 0.003 |
| Perceived benefits† | 3.79 (0.85) | 4.13 (0.80) | 1.69 | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.19–1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Perceived barriers† | 2.57 (0.55) | 2.34 (0.52) | 0.46 | < 0.001 | 0.40 (0.29–0.54) | < 0.001 |
| Enabling factors | ||||||
| Monthly household income (HK$) | ||||||
| < 10,000 (ref) | 374 (51.4%) | 353 (48.6%) | 1 | NR | ||
| 10,000 – 19,999 | 114 (60.0%) | 76 (40.0%) | 0.71 | 0.036 | ||
| 20,000 – 29,999 | 93 (67.9%) | 44 (32.1%) | 0.50 | < 0.001 | ||
| ≥ 30,000 | 158 (60.1%) | 105 (39.9%) | 0.70 | 0.016 | ||
| Have health insurance | ||||||
| No (ref) | 515 (57.0%) | 389 (43.0%) | 1 | NE | ||
| Yes | 224 (54.2%) | 189 (45.8%) | 1.12 | 0.354 | ||
| Health practice | ||||||
| Have regular primary care service provider | ||||||
| No (ref) | 301 (66.9%) | 149 (33.1%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 438 (50.5%) | 429 (49.5%) | 1.98 | < 0.001 | ||
| CRC cancer screening accessible at your primary care service provider | ||||||
| No (ref) | 597 (64.3%) | 331 (35.7%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 142 (36.5%) | 247 (63.5%) | 3.14 | < 0.001 | ||
| Frequency of visiting a doctor in the past year | ||||||
| 0 (ref) | 182 (72.8%) | 68 (27.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
| 1–2 | 184 (55.8%) | 146 (44.2%) | 2.12 | < 0.001 | ||
| 3–4 | 189 (53.4%) | 165 (46.6%) | 2.34 | < 0.001 | ||
| ≥ 5 | 184 (48.0%) | 199 (52.0%) | 2.90 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever undergone other cancer screenings except CRC | ||||||
| No (ref) | 554 (61.0%) | 354 (39.0%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 185 (45.2%) | 224 (54.8%) | 1.90 | < 0.001 | 1.97 (1.42–2.73) | < 0.001 |
| Utilization of complementary therapies | ||||||
| Use of acupuncture | ||||||
| Not at all/ a little (ref) | 609 (57.3%) | 454 (42.7%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Sometimes | 89 (51.1%) | 85 (48.9%) | 1.28 | 0.131 | ||
| Often/ always | 41 (51.2%) | 39 (48.8%) | 1.28 | 0.294 | ||
| Use of cupping | ||||||
| Not at all/ a little (ref) | 645 (56.0%) | 507 (44.0%) | 1 | NE | ||
| Sometimes | 73 (59.3%) | 50 (40.7%) | 0.87 | 0.475 | ||
| Often/ always | 21 (50.0%) | 21 (50.0%) | 1.27 | 0.444 | ||
| Use of Chinese herbal medicine | ||||||
| Not at all/ a little (ref) | 509 (57.4%) | 377 (42.6%) | 1 | NE | ||
| Sometimes | 170 (53.1%) | 150 (46.9%) | 1.19 | 0.182 | ||
| Often/ always | 60 (54.1%) | 51 (45.9%) | 1.15 | 0.496 | ||
| Use of bonesetting | ||||||
| Not at all/ a little (ref) | 638 (55.1%) | 519 (44.9%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Sometimes | 82 (61.7%) | 51 (38.3%) | 0.77 | 0.153 | ||
| Often/ always | 19 (70.4%) | 8 (29.6%) | 0.52 | 0.122 | ||
| Use of tuina (Chinese massage) | ||||||
| Not at all/ a little (ref) | 525 (53.4%) | 458 (46.6%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Sometimes | 148 (63.8%) | 84 (36.2%) | 0.65 | 0.004 | ||
| Often/ always | 66 (64.7%) | 36 (35.3%) | 0.63 | 0.030 | ||
| CRC screening-related information acquisition: | ||||||
| Do you know there is government subsidy from CRC screening programme | ||||||
| No (ref) | 198 (74.2%) | 69 (25.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 541 (51.5%) | 509 (48.5%) | 2.70 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever used the government subsidy for CRC screening | ||||||
| No (ref) | 691 (78.1%) | 194 (21.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 48 (11.1%) | 384 (88.9%) | 28.50 | < 0.001 | 23.87 (16.48–34.56) | < 0.001 |
| Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from community centres | ||||||
| No (ref) | 637 (61.0%) | 408 (39.0%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 102 (37.5%) | 170 (62.5%) | 2.60 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from media | ||||||
| No (ref) | 233 (66.0%) | 120 (34.0%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 506 (52.5%) | 458 (47.5%) | 1.76 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from booklets | ||||||
| No (ref) | 626 (65.5%) | 329 (34.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 113 (31.2%) | 249 (68.8%) | 4.19 | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.56–3.16) | < 0.001 |
| Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from promotion video | ||||||
| No (ref) | 359 (65.2%) | 192 (34.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 380 (49.6%) | 386 (50.4%) | 1.90 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from health talks | ||||||
| No (ref) | 651 (62.7%) | 387 (37.3%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 88 (31.5%) | 191 (68.5%) | 3.65 | < 0.001 | ||
| Prompt to have a CRC screening | ||||||
| Had ever prompted by doctor to have a CRC screening | ||||||
| No (ref) | 450 (58.7%) | 317 (41.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 289 (52.5%) | 261 (47.5%) | 1.28 | 0.027 | 1.46 (1.04–2.05) | 0.029 |
| Had ever prompted by nurse to have a CRC screening | ||||||
| No (ref) | 646 (59.5%) | 440 (40.5%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 93 (40.3%) | 138 (59.7%) | 2.18 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever prompted by friend to have a CRC screening | ||||||
| No (ref) | 619 (60.2%) | 410 (39.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 120 (41.7%) | 168 (58.3%) | 2.11 | < 0.001 | ||
| Had ever prompted by family to have a CRC screening | ||||||
| No (ref) | 551 (59.7%) | 372 (40.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 188 (47.7%) | 206 (52.3%) | 1.62 | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.19–2.42) | 0.004 |
| Needs factors | ||||||
| Family history of colorectal cancer | ||||||
| No (ref) | 650 (56.8%) | 495 (43.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Yes | 89 (51.7%) | 83 (48.3%) | 1.23 | 0.216 | ||
| Health status | ||||||
| Perceived health status | ||||||
| Excellent/very good (ref) | 73 (49.3%) | 75 (50.7%) | 1 | NR | ||
| Good | 313 (58.5%) | 222 (41.5%) | 0.69 | 0.047 | ||
| Fair | 322 (57.3%) | 240 (42.7%) | 0.73 | 0.083 | ||
| Poor | 31 (43.1%) | 41 (56.9%) | 1.29 | 0.383 | ||
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
| None (ref) | 365 (58.6%) | 258 (41.4%) | 1 | NE | ||
| 1 | 211 (54.9%) | 173 (45.1%) | 1.16 | 0.257 | ||
| 2 | 85 (51.2%) | 81 (48.8%) | 1.35 | 0.088 | ||
| ≥ 3 | 78 (54.2%) | 66 (45.8%) | 1.20 | 0.333 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoke (ref) | 554 (52.2%) | 507 (47.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 101 (64.7%) | 55 (35.3%) | 0.60 | 0.004 | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 0.291 |
| Current smoker | 84 (84.0%) | 16 (16.0%) | 0.21 | < 0.001 | 0.29 (0.14–0.61) | 0.001 |
Data marked with † are presented as mean (standard deviation), all others are presented as frequency (row %)
ref reference group of the categorical variable, ORU univariate odds ratio, ORA odds ratio adjusted for other significant factors obtained from backward multivariable logistic regression analysis using variables with p-value < 0.25 in univariate analysis as candidate variables, NE not entered into multivariable analysis, NR not retained in backward multivariable logistic regression
Odds ratio for age was estimated per 10-year increment