Fig. 4. HIF-dependent regulation of immunometabolism.
Hypoxia increases hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity, which affects the phenotype and function of innate and adaptive immune cells, including epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells through regulation of immune cell metabolism. NET, neutrophil extracellular trap.