Table 1.
Glycolytic proteins that are transcriptionally upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor
| Protein (encoding genes) | Catalysed reaction (per glucose molecule)196 | Refs |
|---|---|---|
| Hexokinases (HK1, HK2) | 1× Glucose phosphorylation utilizing 1× ATP | 107,197 |
| Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) | Conversion of 1× glucose-6-phosphate to 1× fructose-6-phosphate | 197–199 |
| Phosphofructokinases (PFKL, PFKP) | Conversion of 1× fructose-6-phosphate to 1× fructose-1,6-bisphosphate utilizing ATP | 107,112,113,197 |
| Aldolases (ALDA, ALDC) | Splitting of 1× fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into 1× dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 1× glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | 107–109,112,114,197 |
| Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) | Conversion of 1× dihydroxyacetone phosphate to 1× d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | 97,107 |
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) | Conversion of 2× glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 2× 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate producing 2× NADH + 2× H+ | 97,107,197 |
| Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) | Conversion of 2× 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2× 3-phosphoglycerate producing 2× ATP | 97,107–109,112,197 |
| Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM1) | Conversion of 2× 3-phosphoglycerate to 2× 2-phosphoglycerate | 197 |
| Enolases (ENO1, ENO2) | Conversion of 2× 2-phosphoglycerate to 2× phosphoenolpyruvate producing 2× H2O | 107,112,114,197 |
| Pyruvate kinase M (PKM) | Conversion of 2× phosphoenolpyruvate to 2× pyruvate producing 2× ATP | 107,112,197 |
| Other regulated proteins that support increased glycolytic flux | ||
| Glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUT1, GLUT3) | Cellular glucose uptake | 107–110 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) | Conversion of 2× pyruvate and 2× NADH + 2× H+ to 2× lactate and 2× NAD+ | 107,109,114,117 |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) | Cellular lactate efflux | 118 |