TABLE 2.
ED LOS, disposition, BARS score, and restraint data
| Description | Agitated, n = 1408 | Non‐agitated, n = 8764 |
|---|---|---|
| ED LOS, h | ||
| Mean (±SD) | 11.1 (±17.7) | 8.6 (±11.4) |
| Median (IQR) | 5.8 (3.8–10.3) | 5.3 (3.8–8.4) |
| Description | n (%) | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| ED LOS, categorized | ||
| 0 < 4 h | 378 (26.9) | 2459 (28.1) |
| 4 < 10 h | 664 (47.1) | 4571 (52.1) |
| 10 < 24 h | 228 (16.2) | 1235 (14.1) |
| 24 < 72 h | 115 (8.2) | 435 (5.0) |
| ≥72 h | 23 (1.6) | 64 (0.7) |
| Disposition | ||
| Admit/transfer | 448 (31.8) | 2176 (24.8) |
| Discharged | 925 (65.7) | 6403 (73.1) |
| AMA | 32 (2.3) | 173 (2.0) |
| LWBS | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) |
| Eloped | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.1) |
| BARS score | ||
| 0 to 4 | 426 (43.3) | 4935 (100.0) |
| 5 to 7 | 559 (56.8) | 0 (0.00) |
| Missing | 423 (–) | 3829 (–) |
| Restraint | ||
| Overall a | 405 (28.7) | 250 (2.9) |
| Physical | 107 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Pharmacologic b | 361 (25.6) | 250 (2.8) |
| Lorazepam | 145 (10.3) | 89 (1.0) |
| Haloperidol | 38 (2.7) | 12 (0.1) |
| Olanzapine | 184 (13.1) | 94 (1.1) |
| Risperidone | 66 (4.7) | 54 (0.6) |
| Ziprasidone | 114 (8.1) | 36 (0.4) |
Note: Data are provided as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). BARS scores: 5 = mild agitation, 6 = moderate agitation, and 7 = severe agitation.
Abbreviations: AMA, left against medical advice; BARS, Behavioral Activity Rating Scale; ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay; LWBS, left without being seen; SD, standard deviation.
a
Some patients received a combination of physical and pharmacologic restraints and a combination of psychotropic medications for agitation.
b
Medications for acute agitation care per institutional policy.