Kahlke 2015#.

Methods	Randomised crossover trial Blinding: participant and investigator. Sequence generation by random number table Follow‐up: 3 months Setting: single‐centre, Germany Withdrawals: 2 participants Intention‐to‐treat analysis: no
Participants	Enrolled: 16 Median age (SD): 55.5 (11.8) Gender: female (16) Duration of symptoms: mean (SD): 51.9 (42.7) Received permanent implant: 16 Lost to follow‐up: 0 Inclusion criteria: not mentioned Exclusion criteria: not mentioned
Interventions	All patients had sacral nerve modulation through a staged implantation procedure between 2009 and 2011. After 26.8 months (median) following implantation 16 out of the 31 participants agreed to be randomised into a crossover design to stimulation ON or OFF, each period lasted for 3 weeks. After 6 weeks (i.e. the two periods) participants while blinded selected the preferred period (ON or OFF) which was continued for a further 3 months. There was no treatment‐free interval.
Outcomes	Frequency of bowel movements, frequency of faecal incontinence, Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Random number table utilised.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear 'Randomised crossover study'.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Participants and key study personnel blinded.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Personnel assessing outcome were blinded.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Out of the 16 participants enrolled, 2 discontinued; the reasons cited were participant turned stimulator ON with handheld device because she had become completey incontinent (n = 1); participant fell on lower back leading to breakage of permanent lead (n = 1).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes reported.
Other bias	Low risk	None identified.